Personal Financial Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Individual Financial Management - Research Paper Example Following are my perceptions while auditing the arrangement. During the principal week while I was surveying the costs, it was an educational circumstance that the significant spending were by virtue of food stuff, apparel and investing recreation energy. The complete costs were $1,312/ - barring my charge card installments, rental installments and goods. I at that point thought for medicinal measures to shorten my use and sort out the issue with the way that on the off chance that I begin cooking myself, scan for the limited things and spend less to spent recreation and by doing this I can not just deal with my funds, carry on with my life appropriately yet in addition spare something for the blustery day. While exploring the information of the second week I noticed that I positively shorten my costs on food stuff by 33% and the general costs diminished from $1,312/ - to $ 850/ - in second week barring my home lease and Visa installments which shows improvement and my enthusiasm tow ards investment funds, yet at the same time the significant costs were made by virtue of goods where I burned through $223.83/ - and for spending relaxation I burned through $118.81. I understood that the every day log is helping me in dealing with my accounts and I promptly checked my spending and understood that I should draw in myself rather in certain games exercises for investing relaxation energy rather to go to the back rub parlor or some different spots where I spend substantially more than sports and for the prosperous future I need to create future objectives and by understanding the significance of reserve funds, I quickly make three phases of my future objectives through which I can live a prosperous, glad and agreeable life and the stages are: Short Term Goals, Intermediate Term Goal and Long Term Goal. Momentary Goals are those that can be accomplished inside a year and can build my future sparing. For example In the event that I buy a vehicle it will spare my transpor tation cost and the sum which I am expensing out each week will be spared. Middle of the road Term Goals are those that can be accomplished with in the time of 2 to 5 years and incorporates things that will unquestionably build my investment funds. For example In the event that I buy house it will be an onetime speculation yet it will spare my month to month contract portion on which I need to pay intrigue. Long haul Goals are those that can be accomplished following six years with no furthest breaking point like my retirement plan which has no maximum cutoff and more I set aside cash during my work, more joyful I will carry on with my life after retirement. While choosing the sum which is to be expensed out on week after week premise so as to accomplished the objective, I set the needs and dole out training the most noteworthy need with the week by week cost of $170/ - and the complete cost were of $420/ - every week aggregating $1,818/ - every month. My Intermediate Goals are a fe w including acquisition of house, beginning own business, training and purchase another vehicle. For this reason after intensive conversations with my companions, I have by and by given most elevated need to the instruction with the cost measure of $350/ - every week amassing $18,200 every year and by doing this much sparing I will have the option to accomplish the school assets for my kids before the finish of 2016 for example in 3 ? a long time. My last objective is to spare something for myself which can be utilized in the event of need and this the budgetary arrangement encourages me parcel and by the assistance of the arrangement, I picked a semi retirement plan as well as plan to spare something for the voyage which I continually focusing on and for the achievement of both the points I have begun sparing $5/ - every week for the journey and $250/ - every week for

Unilever and Nestle are facing political and economic challenges in Essay

Unilever and Nestle are confronting political and financial difficulties in center eastern and north African nations - Essay Example Monetary profitability is the fundamental point of each budgetary foundation. For as far back as quite a few years, Unilever and Nestle organizations have worked on great money related bases. Overall, Nestle gets 28% of its accounts from European markets, 44% of the incomes from the Americas and 28% from Africa, Oceania and Asia. In like manner, Unilever makes a huge segment of its benefits from Europe and the United States of America (Nestle 2006, 12). There is generally low income gathered by the two organizations in the Middle East and North African nations. These pieces of the world are especially ineffective for Unilever and Nestle given the political unsteadiness in the areas. Administration of nations in the Middle East and North Africa don't empower Foreign Direct Investment given erratic monetary arrangements (Unilever 2013, 32). Given the unsteadiness of world of politics in North Africa and Middle East, monetary circumstance of the populaces around the districts shortens the buying intensity of the occupants. A total exposition of this paper will address the inquiry: How do Unilever and Nestle face political and monetary difficulties in Middle Eastern and North African nations? It puts a speculation that financial and political difficulties in these locales effectsly affect venture of the two organizations in the

Help Writing Papers For College

Help Writing Papers For CollegeThere are many reasons why students get help writing papers for college. To begin with, most students have little or no experience writing papers. Therefore, it is very important that they write their papers with the correct style, grammar and structure. It is also very important that they take the time to go over their papers and make sure they are perfect.Writing a paper for college can be easy if you know how to do it correctly. When writing papers for college, it is best to take notes on your own in the classroom or in your office so that you can listen to the professor and remember what was said. However, when you do not know the material or when you do not have time to prepare properly, then you should hire a writing service to help you with your writing assignments. By hiring a service to help you with your papers, you will have someone else looking over your papers to ensure that they are formatted correctly.The writing service will also take ca re of things like spelling, grammar and proper grammar. There are many ways to make sure your papers are grammar correct and well-written. One way is to take the time to look at your school's manual of regulations on proper writing practices. If you need help on certain topics, such as grammar and word choice, you can always turn to a professional writing service for help. If you are in high school, a writing service can also teach you the proper way to write papers for college.A writing service can also give you advice on how to avoid mistakes that could be expensive. If you want to save money on your writing assignments, then you should hire a writing service to help you. For example, if you are writing a paper on relationship dynamics, you should make sure that you have someone else check over your paper to make sure it is free from spelling and grammar errors.You should also make sure that the writing service is also aware of any other requirements you may have in writing papers for college. In most cases, there are different requirements for all writing courses, including your writing sample, required assignments and other guidelines. So, the writing service should also know about these requirements so that they can best meet your needs.When you hire a writing service to help you with your papers, they will also give you information on how to make your paper appealing to your reader. The service should give you ideas for writing paper formats so that you will know how to format your paper for easy reading and easy referencing. They should also give you tips on what to include in your paper to make it more interesting.The most important thing that the writing service should do for you is to go over your paper with you and determine what would be best for your needs. This way, you can have an idea of how your paper should be formatted so that you can save time and effort. Furthermore, the writing service should also make sure that you understand the instruc tions that they give you on how to write your paper.Most often, when you hire a writing service, they will provide you with a paper template. The template will be used to create a paper for you to read. If you have questions about what should be written on your paper, then the service will be there to answer them for you.

Essay about Mat 510 Case Study Statistical Thinking in...

MAT 510 Case Study Statistical Thinking in Health Care Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwcampus.com/shop/mat-510-case-study-statistical-thinking-in-health-care/ Week 4 Case Study 1 - Submit here Students, please view the Submit a Clickable Rubric Assignment in the Student Center. Instructors, training on how to grade is within the Instructor Center. Case Study 1: Statistical Thinking in Health Care Due Week 4 and worth 150 points Read the following case study. Ben Davis had just completed an intensive course in Statistical Thinking for Business Improvement, which was offered to all employees of a large health maintenance organization. There was no time to celebrate, however, because he was already†¦show more content†¦I dont think I got through, however, because he said we need a month of additional data to verify the model, and then he can apply a new method he just read about in a journal to identify change points in the time series, whatever that means. But get this, he will only identify the change points and send me a list; he says its my job to figure out what they mean and how to respond. I dont know much about statistics -- the only thing I remember from my course in college is that it was the worst course I ever took-- but Im becoming convinced that it actually doesnt have much to offer in solving real problems. Youve just gone through this statistical thinking course, though, so maybe you can see something I cant. To me, statistical thinking sounds like an oxymoron. I realize its a long shot, but I was hoping you could use this as the project you need to officially complete the course. I see your point, Juan. I felt the same way, too. This course was interesting, though, because it didnt focus on crunching numbers. I have some ideas about how we can approach making improvements in prescription accuracy, and I think this would be a great project. We may not be able to solve it ourselves, however. As you know, there is a lot of finger-pointing going on; the pharmacists blame sloppy handwriting and incomplete instructions from doctors for the problem; doctors blame pharmacy assistants like me who actually do most of the computer entryShow MoreRelatedMat 510 Case Study Statistical Thinking in Health Care1037 Words   |  5 PagesMAT 510 Case Study Statistical Thinking in Health Care Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwcampus.com/shop/mat-510-case-study-statistical-thinking-in-health-care/ Week 4 Case Study 1 - Submit here Students, please view the Submit a Clickable Rubric Assignment in the Student Center. Instructors, training on how to grade is within the Instructor Center. Case Study 1: Statistical Thinking in Health Care Due Week 4 and worth 150 points Read the following case study. Read MoreMat 510 Week 3 Mat510 Week 37074 Words   |  29 PagesMAT 510 Complete Course MAT510 Complete Course Click Link for the Answer: http://workbank247.com/q/mat-510-complete-course-mat510-complete-course/20549 http://workbank247.com/q/mat-510-complete-course-mat510-complete-course/20549 MAT 510 Week 1 Discussion Business Improvement Please respond to the following: Note: Online students, please select one of the two subjects to discuss. Select one (1) project from the working or educational environment of your choice and specify the main work processRead MoreEssay on Mat 510 Week 1 Mat510 Week 17062 Words   |  29 PagesMAT 510 Complete Course MAT510 Complete Course Click Link for the Answer: http://workbank247.com/q/mat-510-complete-course-mat510-complete-course/20549 http://workbank247.com/q/mat-510-complete-course-mat510-complete-course/20549 MAT 510 Week 1 Discussion Business Improvement Please respond to the following: Note: Online students, please select one of the two subjects to discuss. Select one (1) project from the working or educational environment of your choice and specify the main workRead MoreStatistical Thinking in Health Care-Hmo. Essay1051 Words   |  5 PagesStatistical Thinking in Health Care Case Study 1 Week 4 Mat 510- Business Statistics November 1, 2015 With information from the case we will attempt to address some explanations to the issue of medication errors being dispensed at HMO pharmacy. A dispensing error is a discrepancy between a prescription and the medicine that the pharmacy delivers to the patient or distributes to the ward on the basis of this prescription, including the dispensing of a medicine with inferior pharmaceuticalRead MoreStatistical Thinking in Health Care1070 Words   |  5 PagesStatistical Thinking in Health Care Case Study 1 Week 4 By Shirley Davis Dr. Sally Robison Mat 510- Business Statistics November 1, 2015 With information from the case we will attempt to address some explanations to the issue of medication errors being dispensed at HMO pharmacy. A dispensing error is a discrepancy between a prescription and the medicine that the pharmacy delivers to the patient or distributes to the ward on the basis of this prescription, including the dispensingRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesin mathematics in 1999. Chris is a frequent contributor to the AP Statistics Electronic Discussion Group and has reviewed materials for The Mathematics Teacher, the AP Central web site, The American Statistician, and the Journal of the American Statistical Association. He currently writes a column for Stats magazine. Chris graduated from Iowa State University with a major in mathematics and, while acquiring graduate degrees at the University of Iowa, concentrated on statistics, computer programmingRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 PagesI 111TH CONGRESS 1ST SESSION H. R. 3962 To provide affordable, quality health care for all Americans and reduce the growth in health care spending, and for other purposes. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OCTOBER 29, 2009 Mr. DINGELL (for himself, Mr. RANGEL, Mr. WAXMAN, Mr. GEORGE MILLER of California, Mr. STARK, Mr. PALLONE, and Mr. ANDREWS) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce, and in addition to the Committees on EducationRead MoreCase Studies: Sas Airline Ryanair80169 Words   |  321 PagesHow did the deregulation of air transportation in Europe foster entrepreneurial behavior and innovation in the European airline industry over the last twenty years? Case studies: SAS Airline Ryanair Master Thesis in Entrepreneurship and Dynamic Business Contexts Spring 2007 Supervisor: Hà ¥kan Bohman Entrepreneurship Master Program Authors:
Gilles Helterlin and Nuno Ramalho
Acknowledgements We would like to express our gratitude to all who have contributed to the realization of this Read MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesof human resources means that they must be recruited, compensated, trained, and developed. † HR Management Challenges The environment faced by HR management is a challenging one; changes are occurring rapidly across a wide range of issues. A study by the Hudson Institute, entitled Workforce 2020, has highlighted some of the most important workforce issues.3 From that and other sources, it appears that the most prevalent challenges facing HR management are as follows: ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  Economic andRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pages 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 597 CASE STUDIES ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 598 ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 599 Guide to using the case studies The main text of this book includes 87 short illustrations and 15 case examples which have been chosen to enlarge speciï ¬ c issues in the text and/or provide practical examples of how business and public sector organisations are managing strategic issues. The case studies which follow allow the reader to extend

Ethical Issues Involved in Research on Children - 2115 Words

Questions Advantages and disadvantages of experiments when researching child development The experimental method in researching child development has been greatly used by researchers. It has several advantages and disadvantages. One advantage is that it helps to prove a hypothesis through the collection of data on independent or dependent variables in a closed or open environment. Experiments help to create the ideal environment for the researcher to study the phenomenon. However, it suffers the disadvantage of limiting the behavior that can be studied since the test is not conducted in the natural environment. The laboratory experiment helps researchers to control and manipulate variables as they wish and to measure the effect with ease. It also allows them to facilitate replication through reproducing identical conditions to the desirable ones for the experiment. However, the results may not be applicable to the natural environment as a result of the researcher controlling the environment too much. Experiments in general also help researchers to collect data on changes that occur over time. However, especially for longitudinal studies, the researcher may need to collect huge amounts of data which requires a lot of time. This also increases the expense of the research. Ethical issues involved in research on children One common issue is that of data confidentiality. The researchers should try as hard as possible to ensure that study data is stored confidentially andShow MoreRelatedThe Nuremberg Of Trial ( 1946 )1127 Words   |  5 Pagesa Nuremberg trial to prosecuted these doctors for the atrocities that they committed and 23 out 15 were found guilty. As a result, the Nuremberg code was created to protect participants from ethical violations. Ethical issues Rationales for choosing specific ethical violation(s). The first ethical issue on this study is that the participants did not receive an informed consent with full disclosure of the potential risk and discomforts of participating in this study. The participant did not haveRead MoreHistory And Progression Of Untreated Syphilis931 Words   |  4 Pagesparticipants, their wives, children and others had been infected and untreated. As news of the study spread, it led to public outrage and an advisory panel was created. (Brandt, 1978) There are several ethical issues that can arise when conducting research. A few of these are field of study dilemmas, the researchers’ integrity, social and economic issues, physical and psychological issues. Field of study refers to areas of research that are controversial in nature. Ethical dilemmas that can ariseRead MoreA Short Note On A Vulnerable Population For Research Studies1121 Words   |  5 Pagesfor Research Neonates: A Vulnerable Population for Research Elizabeth Smith Evidence Based Practice in Nursing Professor Paula Wellde Abstract Neonates are a vulnerable population for research studies. They are unable to give their own voluntary, informed consent. There are special considerations to obtaining informed consent of neonates with strict guidelines from Health and Human Services, splitting studies into 4 levels and which includes parental permission. The ethical issues surroundingRead MoreEthical Violations in The Monster Study Essay861 Words   |  4 PagesThe Monster study is speech impediment experiment that was done on the children that lived in the orphanage. This experiment was conducted to find out if stuttering was inherited or did environment play a key factor. Wendell Johnson was the speech pathologist that conducted this study to find the cause and cure for stuttering. This study violated a lot of ethical issues because the children were psychological harm, informed consent was not given and the subjects were deceived. Wendell Johnson hadRead MoreEthical Considerations When Involving Children And You ng People1671 Words   |  7 PagesETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS WHEN INVOLVING CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE AS CO-RESEARCHERS IN RESEARCH ‘Research with children and young people has a long history going back at least to the end of the nineteenth century† ‘Fraser, Flewitt and Hammersly (2014) p.34’. In recent years there has been considerable discussions about the practice of including children and young people in the research, such as the limitations and benefits of applying it, and also the ethical and practical implicationsRead MoreElements Of Informed Consent878 Words   |  4 Pagesan IRB. By suggesting that the â€Å"data is already public† (Kirkegard Bjerrekaer, 2016), it relinquishes accountability; of the harm that can arise, and the ethical issues regarding their dataset. Zimmer (2016) makes it clear that public information does not equal consent. One of the main issues plaguing this dataset. The quick fix to this issue would have been to ask for permission from OKCupid users. They could have asked the community if they wanted to participate in the study. However, this wouldRead MoreA Code Of Ethics Limits The Development Of Psychological Theory Essay1499 Words   |  6 Pagesdoctors were found guilty of carrying out brutal and heinous research experiments on humans during the second World War. Subsequently, the key principles contained in the Code became the basis of ethical behaviour in any medical or psychological research which includes the involvement of human participants (cited in Banyard, 2012). It is now universally understood that the health, safety, wellbeing and human rights of every research study participant is protected. Conversely, it is the opinionRead MoreThe Development Of Children And Young People1507 Words   |  7 PagesHistorically children and young people were only researched by philosophers through theory, The move towards experimental stid ies has been a gradual process that has given research a diverse approach today. ch 1 p16. The reasons for such changes has been hinged on how society has viewed children and young people throughout history,depending on time and culture, from as early as the middle ages there has been theories surrounding children and their role in society, from being seen as ‘adults in waiting’Read MoreEthical Issues and Dilemmas Faced by Coca-Cola1461 Words   |  6 PagesThe Coca-Cola Company struggles with ethical crises Delineate the ethical issues and dilemmas the company faced The Coca-Cola Company has faced many ethical issues in the past. In the year 1999 in the month of June, about 30 children in Belgium became ill following the consumption of the companys products. The company recalled the product, however, the problem continued to escalate. All Coca-Cola products were recalled by the Belgian government and this was soon followed by the officials inRead MoreThe Code Of Ethics For Nurses Essay1163 Words   |  5 Pagesfinding treatment for diseases, research has to be done which unfortunately deals with human subjects. According to Polit and Beck (2017), â€Å"when humans are used for research, care must be exercised to ensure that their rights are protected (p. 137). However, as in the case of highly publicized experimental projects like the Nazi medical experiments: Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital or the Tuskegee syphilis study, there was evidence that nurses were aware of the research, delivered the treatment and served

Essay on Prayer Should Be Allowed in Public Schools

Prayer Should Be Allowed in Public Schools School prayer is a very controversial issue in today’s society. The issue of school prayer is about whether the public school systems should let the students pray, at the start of the school day, as a class. The issue of school prayer began in the late sixteenth century when people in England did not approve of the way one religion was forced upon them, so the Puritans, known as the Pilgrims decided to come to the colonies. Even in the colonies the Pilgrims had problems with religion they had to sometimes resort to highly creative strategies in order to pray. When people were caught having a secret service they would have to face the consequences that the law enforced, whether it was going†¦show more content†¦Prayer should allowed in the public school system because prayer is an important part of America’s rich spiritual heritage. All throughout the history of America there have been many important documents written of our country that have references t o â€Å"Almighty God,† â€Å"Thy Blessings,† and â€Å"Our dependence upon Thee.† These include: the Declaration of Independence, the Gettysburg Address, the national anthem, and the presidential oath (Haas, 1995, p. 39). In school students always say the pledge, which states, â€Å"One Nation Under God.† A prayer says that students just want to ask for a good day and guidance throughout the day. Not only do important documents of our country refer to God but also the words â€Å"In God We Trust† are engraved on all coins minted and bills pressed in the United States (1995, p. 39). There are two parts of the American tradition and they are prayer and religion (1995, p. 39). If society keeps prayer out of the public schools, they are teaching the students that traditions are not important and that what this country was founded upon does not matter. Does society want to raise a group of young people to disrespect what their forefathers want ed; religious freedom? If that is the case then why do people try to keep this country working at its prime when trouble occurs? People do not want to see this nation fall but in the end itShow MoreRelatedEssay on Prayer Should Not be Allowed in Public Schools1051 Words   |  5 PagesPrayer Should Not be Allowed in Public Schools School prayer is a very controversial issue in today’s society. This issue has been a problem since America was first founded, in that the country was founded on religious beliefs. The Pilgrims wanted to be able to express their beliefs freely, but in England this freedom was not found, so they decided to come to the Americas, where their beliefs could be expressed freely. As time passed they realized that having this kind of freedomRead MoreThe Constitutionality of Prayer in Public Schools Essay698 Words   |  3 PagesMany people agree against prayer in public schools, while others think that people should be able to express their religion in their own ways. In public schools, they are not allowed to hold prayers at all during the school day due to the mixed religion students that are attending the school. Over the past few years, this has become an extremely controversial issue in our nation. Many people find it proper to pray in school but many people also agree that it is extremely wrong and that if thereRead MoreShould Prayer Be Allowed? School?1623 Words   |  7 Pagesthat prayer should be allowed in school. On the flip side to that those that feel the government does not have enough power and tend to disagree with pear being allowed in school. Based off articles researched and statistics gathered as well summarized it can be determined that those that are of the conservative and or republican party tend to feel that the government should not have a say in prayer in school. This may be because of religious preference or their belief that government should notRead MoreReligion in Public Schools Essay1131 Words   |  5 PagesReligion in school is the practice of any personal religious beliefs in a place of education. Introduction: In recent years teaching or the individual practice of religion in school has become a very controversial topic. There are many different views on this matter and even more opinions on how it should be handled. There are people on both sides of the spectrum, there are those who believe that it should be taught and allowed in school, and there are those who believe it should not be taughtRead MorePrayer in Schools Essay1215 Words   |  5 PagesPrayer in Public School There are many different philosophies regarding prayer in public school. It seems to be a difficult issue to decide upon. The opinions are wide-ranging and convoluted. This paper will attempt to highlight the many ideas and opinions as to whether prayers in public school should be allowed and to what extent. It will further show how our founders idea of a separate church and state has been taken out of context and why prayer in school should be allowed, but not requiredRead MoreEssay on Prayer in Public Schools1051 Words   |  5 PagesPrayer in Public Schools An issue that has been constantly debated for years is whether voluntary prayer in public schools should be permitted. A student should be allowed to pray voluntarily at the beginning of each school day based on many reasons. Prayer based on moral beliefs reinforce good citizenship as defined by our forefathers. A daily reminder of a need for the belief of good over evil is a necessary part of this society. Daily voluntary school prayer should be re-instated in publicRead More Religion in Public Schools - More Questions than Answers Essay examples1161 Words   |  5 PagesPrayer in Public Schools - More Questions than Answers    Censorship is a very broad topic.   Is it good or bad?   Often, we ask ourselves if such things need to exist because of the First Amendment right.   It states, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.   (AmendmentsRead MoreEssay on School Prayer Should Be Allowed729 Words   |  3 Pages School Prayer Should Be Allowed I attended twelve years of Catholic School. My parents consented to the decision of my enrollment and they knew what was involved. They knew that the study of God and prayer was mandatory. Prayer in school in my case produced and environment of discipline and respect for the teachers. The involvement of my parents and the faculty in the use of prayer was in full agreement. However, my view was not even considered important. My rights had been violated. The FirstRead MoreThe Prayer On Public Schools1240 Words   |  5 PagesFor much of the 20th Century and into the 21st, school prayer has been the focal point of an ongoing debate about the position of religion in American civilization. The question of the legality of prayer in public schools brings together a number of important notions in American government and legal philosophy. Opponents and proponents of school prayer set forth their arguments in such major constitutional issues as the separation of church and state, the right to free exercise of religion, and theRead MoreShould Public Schools Begin The Day With A Silent Prayer Time?870 Words   |  4 Pages Should Public Schools Begin the Day with a Silent Prayer Time? Beginning the day with a silent prayer time in public schools is a very controversial topic. Some people say that prayer should not be allowed in public schools because public schools are funded by the tax payers, who are not all religious. Others say that prayer should be allowed in public schools because it would acknowledge the religious and spiritual heritage of America, and that it would improve the school environment and society

Jawaharlal Nehru free essay sample

Jawaharlal Nehru was born on 14 November 1889 in Allahabad in British India. His father, Motilal Nehru (1861–1931), a wealthy barrister who belonged to the Kashmiri Pandit community,[9] served twice as President of the Indian National Congress during the Independence Struggle. His mother, Swaruprani Thussu (1868–1938), who came from a well-known Kashmiri Brahmin family settled in Lahore, was Motilals second wife, the first having died in child birth. Jawaharlal was the eldest of three children, two of whom were girls. The elder sister, Vijaya Lakshmi, later became the first female president of the United Nations General Assembly. The youngest sister, Krishna Hutheesing, became a noted writer and authored several books on her brother. Nehru described his childhood as a sheltered and uneventful one. He grew up in an atmosphere of privilege at wealthy homes including a large palatial estate called the Anand Bhawan. His father had him educated at home by private governesses and tutors. Demands for dominion status was rejected by the British in 1929. Nehru assumed the presidency of the Congress party during the Lahore session on 29 December 1929 and introduced a successful resolution calling for complete independence. Nehru drafted the Indian declaration of independence, which stated: We believe that it is the inalienable right of the Indian people, as of any other people, to have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil and have the necessities of life, so that they may have full opportunities of growth. We believe also that if any government deprives a people of these rights and oppresses them the people have a further right to alter it or abolish it. The British government in India has not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom but has based itself on the exploitation of the masses, and has ruined India economically, politically, culturally and spiritually. We believe therefore, that India must sever the British connection and attain Purna Swaraj or complete independence. [33] At midnight on New Years Eve 1929, Nehru hoisted the tricolour flag of India upon the banks of the Ravi in Lahore. A pledge of independence was read out, which included a readiness to withhold taxes. The massive gathering of public attending the ceremony was asked if they agreed with it, and the vast majority of people were witnessed to raise their hands in approval. 172 Indian members of central and provincial legislatures resigned in support of the resolution and in accordance with Indian public sentiment. The Congress asked the people of India to observe 26 January as Independence Day. The flag of India was hoisted publicly across India by Congress volunteers, nationalists and the public. Plans for a mass civil disobedience were also underway. After the Lahore session of the Congress in 1929, Nehru gradually emerged as the paramount leader of the Indian independence movement. Gandhi stepped back into a more spiritual role. Although Gandhi did not officially designate Nehru his political heir until 1942, the country as early as the mid-1930s saw in Nehru the natural successor to Gandhi. Civil disobedience Nehru and most of the Congress leaders were initially ambivalent about Gandhis plan to begin civil disobedience with a satyagraha aimed at the British salt tax. After the protest gathered steam, they realized the power of salt as a symbol. Nehru remarked about the unprecedented popular response, â€Å"it seemed as though a spring had been suddenly released. †[34] Nehru was arrested on 14 April 1930 while entraining from Allahabad for Raipur. He had earlier, after addressing a huge meeting and leading a vast procession, ceremoniously manufactured some contraband salt. He was charged with breach of the salt law, tried summarily behind prison walls and sentenced to six months of imprisonment. Nehru nominated Gandhi to succeed him as Congress President during his absence in jail, but Gandhi declined, and Nehru then nominated his father as his successor. With Nehrus arrest the civil disobedience acquired a new tempo, and arrests, firing on crowds and lathi charges grew to be ordinary occurrences. The Salt Satyagraha succeeded in drawing the attention of the world. Indian, British, and world opinion increasingly began to recognize the legitimacy of the claims by the Congress party for independence. Nehru considered the salt satyagraha the high water mark of his association with Gandhi,[35] and felt that its lasting importance was in changing the attitudes of Indians: Of course these movements exercised tremendous pressure on the British Government and shook the government machinery. But the real importance, to my mind, lay in the effect they had on our own people, and especially the village masses. Non-cooperation dragged them out of the mire and gave them self-respect and self-reliance. They acted courageously and did not submit so easily to unjust oppression; their outlook widened and they began to think a little in terms of India as a whole. It was a remarkable transformation and the Congress, under Gandhis leadership, must have the credit for it. [36] World War II and Quit India When World war II started, Viceroy Linlithgow had unilaterally declared India a belligerent on the side of the Britain, without consulting the elected Indian representatives. Nehru hurried back from a visit to China, announcing that, in a conflict between democracy and Fascism, â€Å"our sympathies must inevitably be on the side of democracy I should like India to play its full part and throw all her resources into the struggle for a new order. † After much deliberation the Congress under Nehru informed the government that it would cooperate with the British but on certain conditions. First, Britain must give an assurance of full independence for India after the war and allow the election of a constituent assembly to frame a new constitution; second, although the Indian armed forces would remain under the British Commander-in-Chief, Indians must be included immediately in the central government and given a chance to share power and responsibility. When Nehru presented Lord Linlithgow with the demands, he chose not to take them seriously. A deadlock was reached. â€Å"The same old game is played again,† Nehru wrote bitterly to Gandhi, â€Å"the background is the same, the various epithets are the same and the actors are the same and the results must be the same. † On 23 October 1939, the Congress condemned the Viceroy’s attitude and called upon the Congress ministries in the various provinces to resign in protest. Before this crucial announcement, Nehru urged Jinnah and the Muslim League to join the protest but the latter declined. In March 1940 Jinnah passed what would come to be known as the â€Å"Pakistan Resolution,† declaring â€Å"Muslims are a nation according to any definition of a nation, and they must have their homelands, their territory and their State. † This state was to be known as Pakistan, meaning â€Å"Land of the Pure. † Nehru angrily declared that â€Å"all the old problems pale into insignificance before the latest stand taken by the Muslim League leader in Lahore. † Linlithgow made Nehru an offer on 8 October 1940. It stated that Dominion status for India was the objective of the British government. However, it referred neither to a date nor method of accomplishment. Only Jinnah got something more precise. The British would not contemplate transferring power to a Congress-dominated national government the authority of which was †denied by large and powerful elements in India’s national life. † In October 1940, Gandhi and Nehru, abandoning their original stand of supporting Britain, decided to launch a limited civil disobedience campaign in which leading advocates of Indian independence were selected to participate one by one. Nehru was arrested and sentenced to four years’ imprisonment. After spending a little more than a year in jail, he was released, along with other Congress prisoners, three days before the bombing of Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. When the Japanese carried their attack through Burma (now Myanmar) to the borders of India in the spring of 1942, the British government, faced by this new military threat, decided to make some overtures to India, as Nehru had originally desired. Prime Minister Winston Churchill dispatched Sir Stafford Cripps, a member of the war Cabinet who was known to be politically close to Nehru and also knew Jinnah, with proposals for a settlement of the constitutional problem. As soon as he arrived he discovered that India was more deeply divided than he had imagined. Nehru, eager for a compromise, was hopeful. Gandhi was not. Jinnah had continued opposing the Congress. â€Å"Pakistan is our only demand,† declared the Muslim League newspaper â€Å"Dawn† and by God we will have it. † Cripps’s mission failed as Gandhi would accept nothing less than independence. Relations between Nehru and Gandhi cooled over the latters refusal to cooperate with Cripps but the two later reconcilled. On 15 January 1941 Gandhi had stated: Some say Pandit Nehru and I were estranged. It will require much more than difference of opinion to estrange us. We had differences from the time we became co-workers and yet I have said for some years and say so now that not Rajaji but Jawaharlal will be my successor. [42] Gandhi called on the British to leave India; Nehru, though reluctant to embarrass the allied war effort, had no alternative but to join Gandhi. Following the Quit India resolution passed by the Congress party in Bombay (now Mumbai) on 8 Aug 1942, the entire Congress working committee, including Gandhi and Nehru, was arrested and imprisoned. Nehru emerged from this—his ninth and last detention—only on 15 June 1945. During the period where all of the Congress leadership were in jail, the Muslim League under Jinnah grew in power. In April 1943, the League captured the governments of Bengal and, a month later, that of the North West Frontier Province. In none of these provinces had the League previously had a majority – only the arrest of Congress members made it possible. With all the Muslim dominated provinces except the Punjab under Jinnah’s control, the artificial concept of a separate Muslim State was turning into a reality. However by 1944, Jinnah’s power and prestige were on the wane. A general sympathy towards the jailed Congress leaders was developing among Muslims, and much of the blame for the disastrous Bengal famine of 1943–4 during which two million died, had been laid on the shoulders of the province’s Muslim League government. The numbers at Jinnah’s meetings, once counted in thousands soon numbered only a few hundreds. In despair, Jinnah left the political scene for a stay in Kashmir. His prestige was restored unwittingly by Gandhi, who had been released from prison on medical grounds in May 1944 and had met Jinnah in Bombay in September. There he offered the Muslim leader a plebiscite in the Muslim areas after the war to see whether they wanted to separate from the rest of India. Essentially, it was an acceptance of the principle of Pakistan – but not in so many words. Jinnah demanded that the exact words be said; Gandhi refused and the talks broke down. Jinnah however had greatly strengthened his own position and that of the League. The most influential member of Congress had been seen to negotiate with him on equal terms.