Pros and cons of online research Essay

Technology Advisory Board is a leading international online marketing research and marketing consulting firm where engineers, scientists, computer scientists, information systems professionals, software developers, web developers, and executives in technology industries all over the world come to share ideas, opinions, and suggestions by participating in online research interviews and scientific surveys. The site also believes that respondent will learn as a panel member about upcoming technology trends and developments (since respondent have access to survey results giving one an opportunity to learn what one peers are thinking anytime). In addition, as a panel member one can earn extra cash by participating in an online survey or discussion and the amount depends on the length of the survey or discussion. The site also helps major international corporations, governmental agencies, and universities better informed about intelligent decisions relating to technology-related issues, new equipment and devices, and new software systems and services. The site faces a lot of challenges that will be discussed in the next paragraph. One of the obstacles to collecting information internationally from the panel members is the lack of consistency by the site information. Respondent have to update account each time he/she is to login into his account and the account information is not well documented. This can frustrate the respondent thereby hindering one of the objectives of the site in getting adequate views and opinions of respondents. The unavailability of the site services to all countries is another negative effect the site is facing as a global online research marketer. When some countries are restricted in participating, then I believe it is not a global marketing research marketer. In addition to the percentage of households without internet access in the world, technology advisory board must take the opportunity of reaching the remaining segment of people with access to internet through innovative ways of conducting the research. One option is to encourage the use of offline means of participating, since the online means is the only one used. Another option is using both the qualitative and the quantitative statistical models to get respondent views either offline or online. Lastly, technology advisory board can introduce offline e-mail survey which is inexpensive compared to the conventional online survey. However, the site makes use of the advantage of the versatility that the increased penetration of broadband offers online research marketers. In addition, the online survey is very fast in terms of getting speedy opinions and views from respondents. More importantly, online research marketers should develop marketing strategies not just from the findings of online research, but also the offline findings. What they can do is to encourage the introduction or use of the offline findings. They can do this by introducing new strategies in form of sending offline mails to panel members and require their opinions. In addition, they could introduce the use of feedbacks in their sites by asking respondents to give views about how the marketing research can be improved. On the other hand, both qualitative and quantitative research is needed before strategy can be defined by the marketers and this is necessary in forming new ways of improving online marketing research. In conclusion, the use of online marketing research has only being on the increased in the US than any other country in the world. I think this service should be encouraged especially in Asian, African and Latin American countries where it is believed marketers can capture demand in the nearest future. References Survey: Internet Should Remain Open to All. Marketing Memos: The Pro and Cons of Online Research Retrieved May 14, 2010, from http://www. consumeraffairs. com Technology Advisory Board (2010) Retrieved May 14, 2010, from http://www. technologyboard. com Consumers Losing Confidence in Online Commerce, Banking. Retrieved May 14, 2010, from http://www. consumeraffairs. com

Impacting moment in my Life Essay

It is difficult for me to explain a situation that has impacted my life. When God created the earth he decided that every person would be different, some big others small, some thick others thin. He also decided that everyone would have different behaviors. Some people would be shy and calm with little talking, while others the total opposite loud and more extravagant. Between all these categories I represent the shy and calm, for this reason it is very hard for me to express an impacting moment in my life. The most impacting moment in my life occurred many years ago when I started living my life fully and felt complete. My parents decided to register me to a public school in the city Guayama and I did not dominate well the language Spanish. For me this news was very impacting. One of the reasons I was scared of learning a second language I didnt dominate, another reason was losing all the friends I had made and had kept me company for many years but the major reason was leaving the house in the military base Roosevelt roads. Everything happened when my father decided it was time to retire the military service because he had given 20 years of his life and was tired of the same routine he had daily in the service. I counted on the short age of 13 and was enrolled in the 7th grade in the military base Roosevelt roads in Cieba Puerto Rico. I had been 6 years cursing in military schools; previously I had lived in different military bases in the United States and also Cuba. I always had fluent English teachers, and although I lived in Puerto Rico all my friends lived in the base and talked English. Due to the style of life I was accustomed to live was changing I started to feel panic and very scared. Read more:Â  Proudest Moment To find out that my parents decided to stay in the island for one more year because they hadnt thought of where to move in the United States made me worry. My mother decided to enroll me in a private school where English was the main language, but I opposed on her decision because I wanted to be in the same school as my cousin was. Due that I was afraid to express myself in Spanish since it was not my first language, I felt more secure having a family member close so it would be easier for me. My mother always showed us the importance it was to dominate 2 languages, but due to always being surrounded by people who spoke, read, and wrote English was easier for me to focus only in the English language. Arriving to the school in Guayama and seeing the school system and the environment of students was very different from what I was used of seeing I felt alone and lost. Due to how timid I was it was hard for me to make friends. Speaking Spanish wasnt the main problem, understanding what people tried to tell me was the problem. Reading and writing Spanish was also an obstacle in the school I assisted. The teachers were very patient with me and in some way they would always try to help me. My cousin was a very important factor that helped me overcome obstacles. Another reason that I felt sad and mad was having to leave my friends from the base. Practically I lived four years of my life where everyone knew each other and the register of the school was so small that every teacher knew each student. The majority of the military parents extended their orders because they felt safe and secure in Roosevelt roads. To have lived in that base for four years was magnificent and are moments I will treasure always with love. For this reason it was hard for me to proceed from leaving that place. I couldnt accept a drastic change of the commodities I had enjoyed. Finally I will mention that although the impact of changing schools, learning a new language, leaving old friends and a military base affected my life in that precise moment, it also helped me grow as a human and mature. After many years I understood why my mom pushed me in knowing two languages. I realized it when I started the university and saw how important knowing two languages are. Ive also lived it; since my mother is a teacher in Orlando and dominates two languages she has more opportunities in schools. Due that I wanted to expand my horizons educative I decided to come to Puerto Rico with the purpose of learning more of the language in Spanish. Today I thank God and my parents for the most impacting moment I had years ago because now my major interest is to dominate two languages so much in English as much in Spanish to become a bilingual teacher and help students that face the same problem I once did.

Assignment 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Assignment 8 - Essay Example After interpreting the data collected, the researcher can contemplate on the situation investigated clearly. The action plan will enable the researcher to understand the phenomenon investigated. Therefore, the researcher will easily present it to the people interested or improve and assess whether they have met or answered question they asked during initialization of action research project. The action plan will also enable the researcher to identify the presence of new problems. When starting an action research project, researchers list the problems available in the situation. After the research, the action plan will help them identify other problems they had not speculated. Action plan is also essential as it helps, especially in the plan or instructional method executed during the research program. Action planning will assist the researcher to assess if the plan executed during the research has resulted as hypothesized or not. Action planning also depicts the ineffective programs if the plans planned during the initialization of the research have not given results as anticipated. Lastly, action planning is important as it helps in modifying the steps used in the research. The researcher will revamp the previous methods in order to achieve better results in future action research projects. Professional reflection is essential during action planning. Professional reflection involves quantifying and contemplating on the procedures and results concluded from the action research project. It is, therefore, important for the researcher to reflect professionally after the research project results. Professional reflection enables the researcher to reexamine where the action research has taken them. The researcher will continue with the action plan if it has taken them to where they had predicted. Unfortunately, if the action plan is

Human Resource Management, Assignment3, Monitoring and Rewarding Essay

Human Resource Management, Assignment3, Monitoring and Rewarding - Essay Example In case of MORAS Ltd. the personal assistant is working in the head quarter and has a good relationship with other employees. The person has been promoted from the position of administrative assistant to personal assistant, requires minimum supervision and has subordinates who are administrative personnel. They are to handle confidential information, attend phone calls, organise meetings and other secretarial activities like checking mails, writing replies. They are given all the facilities to perform the work efficiently along with an air-conditioned office. They are to have a four year experience as an assistant or secretary. Their work activities include handling calls and filing and recording, it is required that they have knowledge of the General Manager’s responsibilities. They are required to make decisions solely, be a fine organiser and complete work on time as required. If any mistake is made in handling calls it would not have a drastic impact. In case of filing and recording, they should know typing, filing, organising and classifying records. It is essential to perform work on time and avoid any mistake because poor filing will lead to serious problems in the company. [2] 2. The employees who are working in the company are given a questionnaire and if they feel that they should be promoted then their questionnaire is reviewed by their supervisor. If the supervisors also feel the same then the employee undergoes a few process of observation and then might be promoted. [5] The information maintained in the records about the employees, tells about their skills, knowledge, responsibilities. If these are more than required for the job then will help the supervisor decide whether to the position held by the employee is appropriate or his skills might serve a higher position. Records contain information about how efficiently employees perform their job, how

Plato's Apology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Plato's Apology - Essay Example 1.2. Socrates’ method was to approach every known wise man and interview him in order to find one wiser than him. In asking a series of questions, he is able to deduce the speaker’s wisdom (21c) 1.3. Socrates found that when he probed each wise man with questions, he always discovered a fault in his ideas, which showed him not wiser than Socrates (21d-e) 1.4. Socrates surmised what the Delphic oracle meant by him being wiser than the other ‘wise men.’ â€Å"I am wiser than that other fellow, because neither of us knows anything of great value; but he thinks he knows a thing when he doesn’t; whereas I neither know it in fact, nor think that I do,† thereby making him wiser in that single respect (21d). 2. Socrates’ defense: 2.1. Against the old accusations 2.1.1. Socrates was accused of receiving money for teaching. While he denied it, he said that there is nothing dishonourable about this (19e to 20a). 2.1.2. The accusation of being too inquisitive – a â€Å"busybody† (19c) – Socrates simply denied, and countered that his accusers were angry at him because he unmasked their lack of wisdom. 2.2. Against the new accusations (by Meletus) 2.2.1. On the charge that Socrates corrupted the young, Socrates asked Meletus if he believed the laws, the judges, the Councillors, the people in the Assembly, all contributed to the improvement of the young, Meletus answered yes, and that only Socrates corrupted them (24e-25a). Socrates drew a parallel with horse trainers, and showed that normally, majority of influences would tend to be bad and the few good. This showed Meletus charge is not for the welfare of the young, but for his own spite (25c). 2.2.2. On the charge that Socrates was an atheist because he believed in demigods, Socrates pointed out that this was a contradiction in itself, since to believe in demigods was to believe in God, and therefore he could not be an atheist at the same time (26a-27e). 3. When Socrates proposed his own punishment, he first argued that what he had done was to provide a good for others, for which his punishment should actually be some â€Å"benefit† (36d) such as â€Å"free meals in the Pryteneum† (37a). One might say that by such levity, Socrates was treating the entire matter trivially; this is hard to imagine, however, since he was a perceptive and wise man and could appreciate the gravity of the situation and the seriousness of his adversaries. One could only deduce that he was being brutally honest and rational in asserting that he deserved to be rewarded rather than punished, for the good he had done to others, and treating no one unjustly (37b). 4. Socrates’ view of death is a blessing, not an evil (40c) and the afterlife can only be one of two things – a non-existence, or transformation of the soul to a different world. If it were the first, then the dead person will have no awareness at all, like a deep sleep whe re the sleeper did not even dream, which is then â€Å"a marvellous gain† (40d). If death were so, then Socrates would count it to be a most â€Å"agreeable† thing comparable to a single night’s rest. On the other hand, if death were a transformation then he counts it as the greatest blessing, to be rid of the false â€Å"jurors† who ruled against him and instead be in the presence of the demigods and great men who lived righteous lives (41a). By so dissecting the possibilities of the afterlife, Socrates is able to comfort his friends with his vision of death. He goes to meet death as a great adventure, or at the very least a restful sleep. Therefore, Socrates did not fear death, but only saw it as

Effective Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Effective Leadership - Essay Example 74-78, 2001). This paper is attempt to look at different types of leadership and the recent developments in the field of leadership by briefly looking at the literature available on Fred Fielder’s Situational Leadership Model, Level 5 Leadership, 360-degree leadership and Charismatic leadership. Discussion Fred Fielder’s Situational Leadership Model Fred Fielder is considered as one of the most notable gurus of leadership. During the mid of the 20th century, when most of the leadership experts were occupied by the discussion that whether leaders are born with certain characteristics which distinguish them from others or whether people can acquire these skills to become leaders. Fielder took the liberty of providing an entirely different perspective to the management and organizational behavior experts by giving his situational leadership theory (Kellerman, pp. 234-238, 2010). He divided the leadership styles into two groups namely relationship motivated and task motivat ed. Relationship motivated leaders are the ones who would place their emotional bonds with their people over the tasks and jobs. These leaders are more concerned about their image, respect, and perception amongst their followers. However, task motivated leaders are the ones who are more interested in numbers, targets, figures and objectives, and in the pursuit of the same, they are ready to sacrifice their image and bonding with their employees (Robbins & Judge, pp. 223-228, 2010). Furthermore, fielder proposed three elements, which have the ability to determine the situational control of the person. These are leader member relations, task structure and position power. Leader member relations refer to the degree to which the leader enjoys the backing, support, and loyalty of his sub ordinates. Second, task structure is high when the job descriptions are clear, structured, and well defined. Third, position power refers to the degree to which the leader enjoys the formal power to hire , recruit, select, reward, punish, or obtain compliance from the employees (Fulmer & Goldsmith, pp. 74-78, 2001). Furthermore, Fielder suggests that when the above-mentioned factors are high, the situational control is high and vice versa. A task-motivated style remains the most favourable option when the situational control is either extremely high or extremely low. Nevertheless, when the situational control is moderate, the leader should opt for a relationship motivated leadership style (Kellerman, pp. 41-49, 1999). 360 Degree Leadership Maxwell (2006) gave one of the most modern and influential concepts in leadership known as the â€Å"360 degree leadership† (pp. 15). Maxwell focuses on the most basic and simplest definitions of leadership, which says, â€Å"Leadership is nothing but the art of influencing people towards the achievement of shared goals† (Maxwell, pp. 84-86, 2008). Quite understandably, one cannot only influence the people who are underneath the indi vidual in the organizational hierarchy but also who lie at the same line or even who are over him in the organizational hierarchy. This means that one cannot only lead his subordinates but also his peers, colleagues, friends, bosses, bosses’ peers, and others. Many leaders fail to view the concept of leadership in a board way of leading down, leading across and leading up but they fall into the trap of leading down

Cybersecurity Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cybersecurity - Coursework Example There is the further consideration that while many businesses actively have security measures in place for traditional crimes, the relative ignorance of cyber-crimes has created a more lax environment. Indeed, a recent report by Verizon indicated that close to 90% of cyber-attacks in the last year could have been avoided if the businesses had taken proper preventative precautions. The punishment for committing cybercrime is already significant. In this way one considers that illegally accessing a network can result in between 5 months to 5 years of imprisonment ("Real cost of," 2011). In other instances it seems that cybercrime is not taken as seriously as traditional crime. One considers that Jeffrey Lee Parson created an Internet virus that caused significant damage to countless. However, Parson’s punishment was extremely lenient; in this way he received a sentence that was less than many people receive for a marijuana offense (Mccullagh, 2011). Of course, punishment for cyb ercrime is relative to the specific offense and legal environment. Still, it seems that there may be a degree of leniency involved. Ultimately, it’s clear that the American legal system must increasingly take into account the impact the cybercrime, rather than the fact that it occurs behind a computer desk, when assigning legal punishment. 2. There are a number of ways that compliance would have prevented the attack against Adagia Telecom. The United States government has established a number of compliance measures aimed at preventing or reducing cyber-attacks ("Cybersecurity assurance program," 2012). In this way, Adagia Telecom had relatively lax cybersecurity measures in place. One prominent area that Adagia did not have in place was proper control over automated telecommunications processes. While this factor is generally a major element in oil and gas, and manufacturing industries, it’s clear that it is equally important for Adagia Telecom; the lack of adequate co mpliance in this region greatly contributed to the organization’s cyber vulnerability, as malware was able to infect these automated systems (Heiman 2012). One of the greatest challenges with private industry is an unwillingness to disclose cyber-attacks, as it could impact business strategy. It is important that Adagia have reported the attack to law enforcement. In this way one considers that there must be a culture of disclosure that is established which can act as a deterrent against future criminals. Of course there is always the challenge of locating necessary evidence in such cyber cases, as oftentimes the perpetrators are able to erase the traces of their entrance into the network. 3. There are a number of difficulties policy makers face at the United States national level to get policy that directly targets cybercrime. Similar to much policy implementation, the primary challenge is divergent perspectives between the major political parties. Indeed, the Republican and Democratic parties have already established conflicting approaches to cybersecurity in their current Presidential platforms. Corrin (2012) indicates that there are significant differences in perspective, as the Republicans criticize the Democrats for overly relying on defense capabilities in their approach to cyber security efforts. Another major challenge related to cyber-security is the nation’

Violence in the Work place Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Violence in the Work place - Article Example However, several states have formulated legislative measures such as the establishment of comprehensive prevention program for nurses as well as hefty fines for those found guilty of assaulting nurses while in their line of duty. The BON has through the Nursing Practice Act has formulated the following measures to address the issue. It has authorized hospitals to post warnings discouraging people from violent behavior; it has passed resolutions that have it mandatory for managers to initiate policies that promote a safe workplace and discourage violent behavior. It has also recommended jail term for those convicted of physically assaulting a nurse (Humphreys and Campbell, 2011). The BON has suggested that the nurse restrain from any form of violent behavior even when they are provoked by the patient. Nurses found quality face the possibility of losing their license for a given duration but in severe cases jail term is recommended. The approach taken the BON is effective since its introduction the workplace is safer for nurses and patients and according to the USA department of justice there has being decline in the numbers of cases reported (Humphreys and Campbell, 2011). In order to understand the magnitude of this problem, the American Nursing Association (ANA) has compiled statistics detailing the various occur of violence in the workplace. According to the ANA, 15% of all no fatal violence occurs in the workplace based on figures obtained from the department of justice. In 2009, the Department estimated that 572000 nonfatal violent crimes and 521 deadly crimes were committed against people in their workplace. It is disturbing to note that 60% of the nonfatal violent crimes were perpetrated against people in the healthcare and social assistance industry. The figures were obtained from the National labor bureau. Lastly, according to liberty mutual the company has paid over $603 million in compensating works which have suffered

International Political Economy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

International Political Economy - Assignment Example uni-polar world shifting to a truly multi-polar world as advantageous for the economic outlook and levels of freedom that global citizens can come to expect. However, the core assumption that is made is that a multi-polar world can indeed exist at all. The past several decades have noted a relatively quiet period of history in which two major powers co-existed peacefully; albeit with much animosity. Yet, one cannot interpret the lack of conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States as proof that a bi-polar or multi-polar world is inherently more peaceful and/or more equitable for the stakeholders involved. Interestingly, this is very much the assumption that the author in question has taken. The case of a rising Chinese economy points to the reality of a global super-power that is both economically and militarily superior to all others throughout the world. This is a unique situation; as the author notes, the Soviet Union only was able to project 25% parity with the United States at any point during its 70 year existence. Culturally, the article presents a core strength of understanding the United States foreign policy through the lens of history and a shared belief in what Americans refer to as â€Å"American Exceptionalism†. Ultimately, the author points to the fact that even as the economic power of the United States begins to wane, at least as compared to China, it continues to hold on to a historical legacy that encourages it to engage with China and seek to contain it. Yet, as the author notes, even though this strategy of foreign policy worked against the Soviet Union, in the face of a declining economy of the United States and burgeoning levels of social welfare and entitlement programs, it is doubtful if the military will have adequate resources to engage the Chinese in an actionable and/or effective way (Weisbrot 1). Moreover, the reader can note a degree of foreign policy bankruptcy; in the fact that the United States response to an

Nazi Germany Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nazi Germany - Essay Example However, we know that ethnic nationalism is the focal point of Hitler’s ideology. Nationalism gives rise to unity which can revolutionize the efforts and has a power to bring change at large. Due to this confrontation between racism and nationalism, Nazism has faced strong criticism from the nationalists around the world. This movement led the nations towards extreme destruction and annihilation of the millions innocent people. Moreover, we cannot ignore the fact that this ethnic nationalism was the main root-cause of the Second World War and the main reason for disrupting the international peace. The sole purpose behind mass destruction and violence was to create and sustain the supremacy of the Aryan race and to fulfill the motive; Hitler crossed all the borders of intolerance and abhorrence for other nations, considering them as inferior and substandard nations with low-grade races. This increased aggression and hatred for other â€Å"inferior nations† led towards in tense militarism (Fest). It was plain and clear to observe from the facts that Nazis had a deep desire to dominate the greater part of the world which led them to apply any approach that could help them to achieve their goals. Hitler had an innate desire to stretch his regime towards east-side and to let his â€Å"people† to settle down in the most prosperous states. ... This ethnicity violence and hatred for one another benefited Hitler who already had his ideology based on ethnic nationalism (Curta). Josip Broz Tito, a communist and nationalist stood as the toughest contender for Hitler to proceed in Yugoslavia. Nazis considered the South Slavs as low-grade nations with no background and inferior to Aryans. South Slavs and nationals from east side faced more hatred by Hitler as compare to any other nations that have been victimized by him. It was evidently cleared that he considered them as non-humans and had a degrading feeling for them. After the invasion, they were treated with the utmost humiliation. They were prohibited for better education, basic needs as well as any act of kindness was forbidden for them (Curta). They were viewed as racially inferior group by the Reich. Invasion of Yugoslavia and the Initial Military Resistance (Encyclopedia Brittanica): 6th April 1941 marked the beginning of Directive 25 which resulted in the in the Axis( m ostly German) attack on Yugoslavia and within in 11 combat days the Royal Yugoslav army had unconditionally surrendered to tactically and numerically superior Axis forces on 1th April 1941. The Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Drzava Hrvatska—NDH) thus came into being (Fest). Due to the technological and tactical prowess of the Axis forces. The Yugoslav army envisioned a war plan (R-41) that in case of an Axis attack on Yugoslavia, the different corps and army groups in Yugoslavia will retreat to the south and the 3rd Army Group would then coordinate with the Greek Army to focus in Albania and attack the Italian forces based there. Thus, a corridor would be created where the Yugoslav and Greek armies would then meet the Allied forces in the

Nelson Mandela Spiritual Biography Essay Example for Free

Nelson Mandela Spiritual Biography Essay Nelson Mandela challenged the status quo in many ways weather it was done politically, socially, or personally, in order to achieve such high goals Mandela paid many great personal expenses. Before the acts of Nelson Mandela, the country of South Africa was broken; it was plunged in a deep racism with the election in 1948. The regime of 1948 committed the crime of Apartheid which is defined as the action of committing inhumane acts of a character similar to other crimes against humanity which is committed in the context of an institutionalized regime which systematically oppresses and dominates one racial group over any other racial group or groups and commits it with the intention of maintaining that regime. Mandela would oppose the ideas of this regime and eventually play a major role in the elimination of the apartheid they worked in evil to create. In his autobiography Nelson Mandela describes his trials and tribulations on his journey to the freedom of South Africa hence the name of the book â€Å" Long Walk To Freedom†. From the time when he was young, Mandela was raised to be a leader. Nelson Mandela belongs to a cadet branch of the Thembu dynasty, which reigns in the Transkei region of South Africas Eastern Cape Province. When Mandela was nine, his father died of tuberculosis and the regent, Jongintaba, became his guardian. He attended many schools including The Wesleyan College in Healdtown, this is where most of the Thembu royalty went to college. Jongintaba conditioned Mandela to be a leader and these characteristics’ show during his presidency. However this leadership training was cut short by the fact that so many people of royalty face, arranged marrage. Shortly after leaving Fort Hare, Jongintaba announced to Mandela and Justice (the regents son and heir to the throne) that he had arranged marriages for both of them. He fled to Johannesburg in order to avoid being forcefully married and what he found was a country whose national flag was in the dictionary next to the word apartheid. Determined to change the status quo he embarked on a political campaign and joined the ANC and began practicing terrorism. He was arrested and sentenced to life in prison. He was released twenty seven years later by making the promise that he would stop participating in terrorism. He went back to the ANC and used it as his political party to run for office. He won due to the fact that he had won the right to vote for many of the black South Africans who supported him. He unified the country, most notably through rugby, but also helped to raise many of the blacks, whale not neglecting the whites, out of poverty. He is still an influential character to this day, and leads many humanitarian organizations. He is currently in the hospital due to medical troubles but he is expected to make a recovery. Starting in his early life Nelson Mandela always challenged the status quo. During this time he escaped an arranged marriage and thus beginning a life of meaningful defiance, defiance that would improve the lives of all those around him, defiance that lift a race from the depths of poverty, defiance that would end apartheid. He began his political campaign through peaceful protesting taking from the ideas of Gandhi with peaceful non- violent protest. This is shown by â€Å" I cannot pinpoint the a moment when I became politicized, when I knew that I would spend my life in the liberation struggle. To be African in South Africa means that one is politicized from the moment of ones birth , weather one acknowledges it or not.† (Long Walk to Freedom 208). He joined the ANC and on December 5 1956. Shortly after Mandela and 150 others were protesting non- violently and were arrested and charged with treason, however all of the defendants received acquittals. Mandela realized that he would need more aggressive tactics in order to end apartheid. He defied the 1948 regime which supported and strengthened apartheid in South Africa, exemplified by a biography of Nelson Mandela â€Å" The NP seized the political initiative in 1948 and retained it into the early 1950s, pushing through its agenda of apartheid legislation without seeming to pay any heed, let alone making any compromises, to the political forces arranged against it.† (Nelson Mandela 46). This quote exemplifies why Mandela abandoned his non- violent means, because the regime had total support from the white population and would not change its views in any way. In 1961 Mandela became the leader of the armed wing of the ANC and continued his defiance by violent means. Mandela described the move to armed struggle as a last resort; Due to the fact that the oppression and violence from the government was increasing despite his best efforts, this convinced Mandela that even with many more years of non-violent protest against apartheid, he could not eliminate apartheid non-violently. And in June 1961, Mandela sent a letter to South African newspapers warning the government, that if they did not meet their demands, the Umkhonto we Sizwe would embark on a campaign of sabotage. The letter demanded the government accept a call for a national constitutional convention. The demands were not met by the government and beginning on 16 December 1961, the Umkhonto we Sizwe with Mandela as its leader, launched a bombing campaign against government targets with the first action of the campaign being the bombing of an electricity sub –station. In total, over the next eighteen months, the Umkhonto we Sizwe would initiate dozens more acts of sabotage and bombings. This is shown by his quote â€Å"I do not deny that I planned sabotage. I did not plan it in a spirit of recklessness nor because I have any love of violence. I planned it as a result of a calm and sober assessment of the political situation that had arisen after many years of tyranny, exploitation and oppression of my people by the whites.† (Nelson Mandela). This exemplified his true defiance of apartheid, that he was willing to corrupt his values to achieve a goal. Nelson Mandela did not follow the status quo by any means during these years of his life. His trial also exemplifies how he did not follow the status quo. He tried to use his trial to fight apartheid but this argument did not abide so well with the white judge who was appointed by the 1948 administration. In the end he was found guilty of many crimes as stated in â€Å" Crimes Charged: (1) The commission of acts of sabotage together with the communist party; (2) conspiracy to aid or procure wrongful acts concerning the recruitment of persons for training in the preparation and use of explosives for committing acts of violence, conspiracy to commit acts of guerilla warfare, acts of assistance to military units of foreign countries invading South Africa, and acts of participation in violent revolution; (3) the execution of the common purpose of committing the acts set out above; (4) soliciting money in South Africa and abroad and disbursing those funds in the interests of their campaign† ( Great World Trials 347). Although this quote may be long and difficult to read, it is indicative evidence for what they are truly imprisoning Mandela for, to silence his defiance. After his trial and conviction and he was taken to Robben Island where he would truly begin his spiritual journey. Even the prison system in South Africa was segregated and Mandela was a D- Class Prisoner and was only allowed one visit and letter per month. However even though Mandela was in Jail his wife, Winnie Mandela continued defying apartheid shown by â€Å" All the while, Mandela’s wife, Winnie Mandela, who was both his loyal supported and respected representative on the outside, spent the decades protesting and periodically being tried, imprisoned, and banned for her political activity.†( Great World Trials 352). Mandela began a journey of knowledge gaining a Bachelor of laws from the University of London via their external program shown by â€Å" I was still in the midst of perusing my L.L.B. at the Universi ty of London. I had started studying for the L.L.B. at the University of London during the Rivonia Trial† ( Long Walk to Freedom 504). This clearly exemplifies Mandela’s defiance, that even though they locked him up he still perused his goal of ending apartheid which he found to be best served by furthering his education and gaining a law degree. Mandela also read poetry growing very fond of a poem by William Earnest Henley called Invictus. These beautiful words inspired him to not be revengeful towards the whites who put him in prison but rather to seek unity. Mandela was eventually released from jail on February 2, 1990 after he made a deal with President F. W. de Klerk who had gotten rid of the ban on ANC and other organizations like it. Upon his release from prison he rejoined the leadership of the ANC now lead by Chris Hani. Mandela gained control of the ANC in April of 1993 following the assassination of Chris Hani. By then the ANC and other anti- apartheid organizations had won the rights of the black population to vote. Mandela used the ANC as his political party to commit the ultimate act of defiance, run for the presidency of South Africa. The ANC won 62 percent of the votes in the election, and Mandela was inaugurated as South Africa’s first black president on May 10 1994. Nelson Mandela viewed this as the beginning of his journey and not the time to relax shown by â€Å" I have walked that long road to freedom. I have tried not to falter; I have made missteps along the way. But I have discovered the secret that after climbing a great hill, one only finds that there are many more hills to climb. I have taken a moment here to rest, to steal a view of the glorious vista that surrounds me, to look back on the distance I have come. But I can rest only for a moment, for with freedom comes responsibilities, and I dare not linger, for my long walk has not yet ended.† ( Long Walk to Freedom 640). Mandela had committed the ultimate act of defiance of running for president and came out victorious, the white residents of South Africa was in for some payback for imprisoning him for 27 years, at least that was the general idea carried by the white population when Mandela was elected, but Mandela had other plans. When Nelson Mandela first walked into his office as president he found many of the people who worked in his office, such as secretaries, packing up their things in anticipation of Mandela firing them. Mandela called them into his office and many thought that they were about to get fired. Instead Mandela asked them to put aside their political views and asked all of the old employees to stay and work with him. In doing this he is once again defying the status quo, which was that he would seek revenge on the whites for his imprisonment, but instead of revenge he sought unity. He unified the country in many ways most notably through rugby. He now asked others not to follow the status quo. He asked to blacks to back the previously hated Springboks, the South African Rugby Team. A movie named Invictus tells the story of this as the underdog South African team lead by the captain of the rugby team Francois Pienaar won against the favored New Zealand rugby team. This is shown by â€Å" When he took the field in a rugby uniform after South Africa won the 1995 World Cup, the virtually all white crowd chanted, â€Å" Nelson! Nelson!†.† (Nelson Mandela 142. During his reign as president Nelson Mandela virtually ended apartheid in South Africa ushering in a new era for prosperity for the country. In all Nelson Mandela was a very influential human rights activist and his work can be categorized to be as great as the work of Gandhi or Martin Luther King Jr. due to the basic human rights that he rightfully gave to so many South Africans. He also is an influential leader to this day and has his name on many charitable organizations. He defied the status quo of a country and won. In the End these words given the title of Invictus by William Ernest Henley truly reflect Nelson Mandela’s desire for unity and his capacity for forgiveness. Out of the night that covers me, Black as the Pit from pole to pole, I thank whatever gods may be For my unconquerable soul. In the fell clutch of circumstance I have not winced nor cried aloud. Under the bludgeonings of chance My head is bloody, but unbowed. Beyond this place of wrath and tears Looms but the Horror of the shade, And yet the menace of the years†¨Finds, and shall find, me unafraid. It matters not how strait the gate, How charged with punishments the scroll. I am the master of my fate: I am the captain of my soul. Works Cited Mandela, Nelson, Wyk Chris Van, and Paddy Bouma. Long Walk to Freedom. New York: Flash Point/Roaring Brook, 2009. Print. Maltz, Leora. Nelson Mandela. San Diego: Greenhaven, 2004. Print. Knappman, Edward W. Great World Trials. Detroit: Gale Research, 1997. Print. Invictus 2009. Perf. Morgan Freeman and Matt Damon. Warner Bros., 2009. BrainyQuote. Xplore, n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2012.

Risk Management Within an Enterprise

Risk Management Within an Enterprise Introduction Risk management is a identification process of upcoming threats and danger to an organisation. In an organisation risk can enter through many ways, it can come from project failure, financial market, an accident in organisation such as flood, earthquake, cyclone, power failure, public health and safety and legal risk etc. Risk can be low to medium, or medium to high. It is difficult to say that an organisation can solve all the upcoming risks to the organisation like earthquake, we can just assume that earthquake can damage the business, but we cannot say how much, but there are some alternatives of upcoming threats like in power failure we can use generator to keep running the business. 1) Purpose of risk management within an enterprise-  The purpose of risk management in an organisation to identify problems before they enter and create problems in the organisation, so that risk management handling process may be planed. It is a continuous looking ahead process so it is an important part of a business. Early detection of risk is important because it is easier, not much expensive, and changes can made easily in the planned process. It is easy to maintain a strategy and solve the risks when they are in early stage. A successful manager can monitor risks before they create problems in a business. The lack of information can is dangerous in a business so the staff of the organisation should be well training so that they can assume the risk when it is in early stage and report to the management as soon as possible. 2) Benefits of risk management within an enterprise-  An effective risk management program can help the organisations to manage their risks and maximise success opportunities .There are too many benefits of risk management to an organisation, like less time consuming, less costly, less labour. The managers of an organisation should train the staff that they can discuss the risks with the management when it is in early stage. Communication is a beneficial way for an organisation it helps to understand the most important risk areas. Staff can provide information in written or discuss with the management. So it can be early identification for the management and an alert to the management about the upcoming threats. The potential risk management benefits are ; supporting business planning, use of resources in effective ways, continuous improvement in the business, fewer dangers and threats, increase of new opportunities, increasing communication between staff and management, helps and focus internal audit programme etc. 3) A Reviewing of activities and internal environment-  By reviewing the internal environment of a organisation we can assume that how we can identify the risks and found risk in the organisation is acceptable or unacceptable, if it is unacceptable then how can we manage that risk to avoid an upcoming danger or threat. It can be found by an audit committee or by a group. Risk can affect the internal environment of the organisation .It depends on the organisations staff that how well they are trained by the management, it depends on the skills of the staff that how they will handle it or will they handle it themselves or will report to management of the organisation. The staff and management should perform their duties with responsibilities and complete their assignments on the given time frame by the management. There should be a continuous monitoring of activities in the organisation and the management should do something for the development of the staff and give them a proper and continuous training so they can be perfect in performing their duties. B. Setting objectives-  All the organisations face the risks from internal and external environments. Objectives should be exist before the management can identify risks affecting the achievements of the organisation. An agency should develop related objectives. There are three broad categories of objectives †operations, reporting, and compliance. In operations the company should do all the operations and work very effectively and in a progressive way, there should not be the minor faults in the formulations of the products and services of the company. If there are any risks around the operation the management should make a report and find the solutions of the involved risks. If they will avoid the so there will not be compliance risks for the company, and the company can achieve their target successfully. There are some questions that what risks should a company not accept for example quality compromises and environmental and rules and regulations set by the government. They must not accept the legal risks. All the product and services should be a standard quality. Always worst outcomes should be assessed for the development of the company. C. Event identification-  An event is a incident arising from external and internal sources that can affect implementation of strategy. There are some external and internal factors through which we can identify events. Economic changes can affect the company financially. Ups and down in the currency of the country can affect the import and export of the company. Natural environments can also affect the company. Environmental damage can cause by failure in the rules and regulations set by law. Loss of funds through frauds can be a serious problem for the company. Failure to measurement of product can be another deficit for the company. Project delay can affect the company, s reputation. Failure of contractors and partners can be another bad situation for the company. Technical faults can also be costly for the company, It can be time consuming and affect the company, s target and reputation. D. Risk assessment with particular reference to the impact and likelihood of risk-  In an organisation it is possible that an event can occur and affect the achievements of the objectives. It can decrease the value of the goods and services, so that risk should analysed because of their impacts. Management should consider the future events, expected or unexpected. They should always finding that what is worst that can happen or damage the reputation of the organisation. Considering the risk appetite the amount of risk is acceptable or not, most likely the government entities risk is low than the private organisations. Tolerance level is high in the private organisations. Risk assessment can use quantitative and qualitative methods. If the management already miss to give notification to the controller and it can be failure to recover the funds. Lack of notification can result in investigation. E. Risk response-  Management determines that how can be respond to the risk, reviewing and impact, evaluating costs and benefits and selecting options within the entity, s risk tolerance. Management should keep trying to avoid the risk if there are other alternatives in front of company. By doing that the risk management we can find out what is good for the company. If the risk occurs the specific actions should taken by the management to reduce the risk level. Reducing risk by sharing the impact of the risk can be beneficial for the organisation. If the organisation will accept the risk without doing anything then the results can be dangers. It is easy to analyse the cost side in spite of benefit side. Management should first find the risks in each division or in each business unit. A view of risk can be depicted in several ways focusing on major risks and event categories across divisions. If the risk is in the program unit can be tolerated but it depends of the level of the risk. F. Control activities-   there is a major role of effectiveness and efficiency in control activities. Control activities should be tested to ensure that there is not material weakness or difficulties. Management also should ensure that control activities are carried out in a timely manner. Internal auditor can also support management by providing assurance on the effectiveness and efficiency of control activities. In an organisation they must provide the receipt to customers, cash should be handle with care, information system and data processing system should be strong enough, financial reporting, accounts receivable , and investments should handle with care. Misuse of company, s assets, corruption and fraudulent reports should be should be probe properly. The management should focus on the core areas like information system, contracts, purchasing, grants and other programs, services provided to the community, revenue collection, salaries of employees, and property. Risk with large and moderate impacts should be addressed with control activities. G. information communication-  Information is major source to identify risks, and respond them in a appropriate way even is external or internal. Information should available for widespread use, all the transactions should recorded and tracked in actual timing, management should have immediate access to operating and financial information more effectively. If the risk is in tolerance than that, s all right otherwise an action should take immediately. Data reliability in information system should assessed carefully, poor assessment or bad management decisions can affect the targets. Communication is another way to be safe from risks, managers and staff needs to discuss the matters with each other, and tries to find the solutions for the problems. If necessary they should take actions immediately. H. Monitoring- In an organisation ongoing monitoring activities should be continuous process. Ongoing monitoring activities will occur through management activities. Division head, Line manager, controller, senior management, internal auditor, and external auditor can evaluate the monitoring process. A variety of evaluation techniques are available like checklist, questionnaire, flowchart techniques, performance steps etc. Reporting to the management about the risks is a good way to keep an eye in the organisation it will be far seeing process which can keep safe the organisation from unwanted danger and threats. Conclusion:  Savoury aroma coffee shopee should identify threats coming in the way of achieving objectives and start creating hazards. They should do proper assessment and need to find solution. This solution should be bigger than problem. They have to be very competent and efficient.

The Handicrafts Industry In Nepal And Tibet Business Essay

The Handicrafts Industry In Nepal And Tibet Business Essay Based in Kathmandu Everest Handicraft distributor was established in 1998 with the aim of distributing fine Nepalese and Tibetan handicrafts. It collects different handicrafts goods made of woods, leathers, stones, clay, clothes, paper and different metals. Such type of goods are very popular and famous in different foreign markets such as Hong Kong, Korea, USA, UK, Japan and most of the European countries. Some of the goods include Nepalese knife (khukuri), Thankas, Tibetan woollen carpets, rugs, dolls, masks, crazy and fancy hates, cotton and hemp products, Buddhist religious items, wooden carved pictures and monuments, fine Nepalese pashmina and carpets. This business is targeted and directed to foreign citizens who like to collect different fascinating and exotic goods because these goods are made of hands and beautifully crafted and carved romantic pictures. Large number of tourists comes to visit Nepal and on the way to return they take some goods so that they remember their journey to Nepal. As this business is for foreign citizen, it has high potentiality in different overseas countries. In this modern era of globalisation, it is easier to expand goods and services in different foreign markets. So, I am planning to make my business global expanding it into Japan and America. 1.1 Political and Economic Overview As our business is going global and we are planning to develop into international market, the political and economic condition of such market is most important. As our business deals with domestic and industrial handicrafts, we studied it has good market opportunity in Japan and USA. Based on the constitutional monarchy system, Japan is industrialized; free-market economy is the second-largest in the world. Its economy is highly efficient and competitive in areas linked to international trade. (http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/4142.htm). It produces and distributes industrial and technological goods and services because it is technically far advanced country. Japanese per capita income is high and their purchasing power parity is also high. Japanese people like domestic and artistic handicrafts. Every year large quantity of domestic and industrial handicrafts is exported in Japanese market. They love foreign culture, tradition and they pay interest on studying its archaeological hist ory. They develop and produce high technological goods but they love small domestic handicrafts goods. The main purpose of such goods is for decoration, for archaeological study, for religion and for aesthetic as well as for domestic purpose. Therefore this business has good market in Japan. 1.1.1 XXXXX On the other hand, Nepalese handicrafts have been attracting in US market. These goods have been ideal in the American market too. Leading country of the world, America is practicing the free market economy. According to Country wise Export of Handicraft goods, Fiscal Year 2008/09 (Nepal), USA remains in the top rank to import handicrafts goods from Nepal. Including textiles (468567834) and non-textiles goods (403233845), America imported 871801679 goods from Nepal ( Federation of Handicrafts Association of Nepal, ( http://www.nepalhandicraft.org.np/handicraft_prof.php#t3 ). Nepalese handicrafts including bags and accessories, basketry products, glazed and non glazed earthenware ceramics, Christmas decorations are very famous in American market. Japan remained at the fourth rank to import handicraft goods from Nepal after USA, Germany and UK. Cultural Significance Culturally Nepal has remained as one of the multicultural, multi religious country where the country experiences the diversified geographic and ethnic community. Every tribe has their own custom, culture and they celebrate their special festivals. Different ethnic community produces different types of products which are collected in the market and exported in the foreign market. Though large number of population follows Hinduism, the people of Buddhist family is not low. Similarly Muslims and Christianity are also practised here. Comparing the overseas market, Japan and America with Nepal, Japan shares some of the Buddhism with Nepalese culture and the political situation is also somehow similar as both accept the parliamentary system. By virtue of their common Asian heritage, there is a strong cultural link between the people of Japan and Nepal. Asian values are deeply rooted in the society and people in both countries.(http://www.np.emb-japan.go.jp/relation.pdf) Similarly Japan widely follows western culture, tradition and values and it is happy to embrace Nepalese culture, custom and products. The huge success of Tokyo Disneyland is an example of Japanese acceptance of western culture. In the globalised era, countries are frequently moving each other country, set up their business in international market. So, culturally also Japan is the good overseas market to establish handicraft business. Likewise, USA practises democracy, human rights, and globalisation. As it is the top ranked country to accept handicraft goods from Nepal, religiously Americans are Christians and they enjoy with domestic handicraft goods along with Christmas decorations. Strategic Analysis Developing the business into overseas is a challenging task that coves the long legal, political, economic, cultural, social, strategical and ethical process. It includes the study of international market and product dimensions. In an answer, why it is challenging, John H Dunning writes, it is dominated by rapid and far reaching changes in technology and by environmental turbulence, this is no less true of successful practitioner (John H Dunning). Therefore it needs to examine outer forces as well as its strategic forces. As a response to these complications , Prof Dunning writes, a holistic and integrated approach to the creation and organisation of business wealth- the success of modern international co-operation is increasingly determined by the ability to organise natural resources, information, money and people across national boundaries, both within and between organisations. Geographically as well as culturally handicraft business has good market in Japan as both countries are located in the same continent and share somehow similar culture and religion. On the other hand, America represents the top rated market for Nepalese handicrafts goods. As America, a democratic country securing consumers basic rights has adopted free market economy and welcomes the free market economy. For example, Dixon Ticonderoga was an American reputed oldest public company produced pencils that became victim of globalisation. As it is exercising free market global economy, it is ready to face loss in the global competitive business world. Therefore globalising business is challenging task as the products are new to the market. The real concern for the global manager is how to design organisation to achieve effective global integration of business operations. (Kim, K, et, al The global integration of business functions: A study of multinational business in integrated global ind ustries, PP. 32 Business Entry strategy As a leading industrial nation, starting business in Japan is not difficult. If you have a unique and good quality product or service then by carefully controlling your starting costs you will be profitable in your first year in the Japanese market. Its that simple. The trick is understanding Japanese business and the mentality of Japanese businesspeople well enough to be able to control your costs. (http://www.venturejapan.com/starting-business-in-japan.htm) Japanese market is also free market competitive market; consumers purchasing power parity is also highly standard. Moreover they interest foreign culture, custom and tradition. The huge success of Tokyo Disneyland is an example of Japanese people following western culture. Government policies for international business market and company are flexible. The licensing and franchising, business registration, company registration process resemble Japans interest to attract international business. On the other hand, American market is big, the size of the country, the opportunities, and the sheer geographical size are fascinating factor to expand business in America. Every country has its unique culture, social system, economic, cultural, geographical, demographic factor which affect the business and the market economy of such country. Different business practices, business values, accepted ways of doing business, communication and varied legal structures must be taken into account.   In addition, for geographically large countries like the US, cultural business differences must also be considered as what is said on the East Coast may mean something entirely different than the West Coast. ( http://www.internationalmarketentry.com/ ). Conclusion Globalising business and expanding it into overseas market culminates good result if done carefully and with lots of study and investigation. There are some cultural, social, geographical, moral, legal and ethical aspects. Though handicrafts business in America has been more profitable than any other countries because of its consumption and distribution in American market. Yet it is a vast country with some cultural, social and geographical diversities. Large companies also face crisis in American market. Enron represents as one of the most failure company in the history of America. Therefore it is more challenging to expand it to America even though it has highest sells. On the contrary, handicraft business in japan Refrences: Dunnings, John H. Kim, K. http://www.internationalmarketentry.com http://www.venturejapan.com/starting-business-in-japan.htm http://www.np.emb-japan.go.jp/relation.pdf http://www.nepalhandicraft.org.np/handicraft_prof.php#t3 http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/4142.htm

Perraults Puss in Boots :: Perrault Puss Boots Essays

Perrault's "Puss in Boots" Perrault's "Puss in Boots" is the charming tale of a boy who is delivered into good fortune through the clever cunning of his cat, and this story carries with it a basic plot, structure and theme commonly found in works of this genre. In fairy tales, one of the basic characteristics of a story line is its general involvement with some type of initial difficulty, usually made known to the reader in the introduction. As a result, the main character or characters of the story are compelled to seek a final resolution to the situation (Bruti). Perrault follows this formula, and begins his tale by presenting the dilemma of a young boy who must make his way in the world following the death of his father, his only inheritance being that of a cat. Having outlined the challenge facing the main character, the story proceeds to the next part of the story, the opening. It is at this point in the story where the main character is often given something, such as an object, or advice from another character to assist him or her in the completion of their transformation (Morris). In most instances, the support given acts as a catalyst and spurs the hero or heroine into action. In "Puss in Boots", the cat plays the role of an assistant to the orphaned boy, but with one slight inversion to the traditional story line. In this case, the cat not only offers words of consolation and advice to the boy, he also initiates the action leading up to the final resolution and transformation of the hero. Normally, a more common version of this theme would have the Miller's son carry out the plan of action, not his advisor. Traditionally in most fairy tales, the action occurring within the story moves along at a very quick pace, and it provides the basis for conflict and suspense. This is accomplished through the "use of repetition both in expressions and events" (Bruti). Generally the plot is based on a cycle of three recurrences, with each event acting as an episode or sub-story within the general story, and this pattern of three is often repeated one or more times throughout the story depending on the complexity of the tale (Morris). Following in the path of tradition, Perrault's tale also employs the use of repetition, with events occurring in patterns of three.

Subversion of Class and Gender Roles in Jane Austens Persuasion Essay

Subversion of Class and Gender Roles in Jane Austen's Persuasion      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Jane Austen's Persuasion, Mrs. Croft makes but few appearances and delivers little dialogue.   Nevertheless, Austen gives her significant narrative and thematic importance.   Mrs. Croft provides a foil for several of the Elliots, while developing a commonality with the frequently ostracized Anne.   This bond between Mrs. Croft and Austen's heroine valorizes Mrs. Croft's radical views concerning feminism and marriage.   Beyond signifying a paradigm shift in such social morals, though, the roles of Admiral and Mrs. Croft allow Austen to subvert the dominant upper class culture.   By exhibiting superior but genuine manners, by demonstrating the complacency of the dominant culture, and by exerting their own counterculture, Admiral and Mrs. Croft expose both the foolishness and the artifice of their upper class acquaintances.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Austen clearly contrasts Mrs. Croft with Sir Walter, Elizabeth and Mary, and therein reveals the selfish and impractical nature of luxury, saying, "none of us expect to be in smooth water all our days" (50).   She admits to the confinement of a frigate, but notes that "any reasonable woman may be perfectly happy in one" (50, italics mine).   Meanwhile, Sir Walter cannot imagine life without "[journeys], London, servants, horses . . ." (10), and, for Elizabeth, "the sacrifice of one pair of horses would be hardly less painful than of both" (10).   Mrs. Croft thus highlights the Elliots' frivolousness.   The Crofts also illustrate Sir Walter's vanity, by moving his several looking glasses into storage, since Admiral Croft requires only one.   Similarly, Mrs. Croft exposes Mary's self pity, allowing us to co... ...ne Elliot as worthy not only of the noble relations of their family, but also of the superior culture of the Crofts.    Works Cited and Consulted Austen, Jane.   Persuasion.   1993.   Ware, Herts:   Wordsworth, 1996. Craik, W. A. Jane Austen in her Time. London: Nelson, 1969. DaDundo, Laura. "Jane Austen" Concise Dictionary of British Literary Biography. Vol. III. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1992. Harmon, William, and C. Hugh Holman. Handbook to Literature. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1986. Magill, Frank N., ed. English Novel: Richardson to Hardy. Pasadena: Salem Softbacks, 1980. Southam, Brian. "Jane Austen." British Writers. Vol. IV. Ed. Ian Scott-Kilvert. New York: Scribners, 1981. Tanner, Tony. "In Between: Persuasion." Persuasion. By Jane Austen. Ed. Patricia Meyers Spacks. New York: Norton and Co., 1995.   

Ergonomics Essay example -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Ergonomics Ergonomics, as defined by the Board of Certification for Professional Ergonomists (BCPE), "is a body of knowledge about human abilities, human limitations and human characteristics that are relevant to design. Ergonomic design is the application of this body of knowledge to the design of tools, machines, systems, tasks, jobs, and environments for safe, comfortable and effective human use". The term ergonomics is derived from the Greek word ergos meaning "work" and nomos meaning "natural laws of" or "study of." The profession has two major branches with considerable overlap. One discipline, sometimes referred to as "industrial ergonomics," or "occupational biomechanics," concentrates on the physical aspects of work and human capabilities such as force, posture, and repetition. A second branch, sometimes referred to as "human factors," is oriented to the psychological aspects of work such as mental loading and decision-making. The profession is comprised of practicing and academic engineers, safety professionals, industrial hygienists, physical therapists, occupational therapists, nurse practitioners, chiropractors, and occupational medicine physicians. History of Ergonomics. Christensen, an expert in the said field, points out that the importance of a "good fit" between humans and tools was probably realized early in the development of the species. Indeed cavemen are known to have selected stone tools and made scoops from antelope bones in a clear display of selecting/creating objects to make tasks easier to accomplish. In the work environment, the selection and creation of tools, machines, and work processes continued. Over centuries, the effectiveness of hammers, axes and plows improved. With the Industrial Revolution, machines such as the spinning jenny (a machine that produced yarn to make cloth) and rolling mills (a method of flattening iron ore into flat sheets) were developed to improve work processes. This is the same motivation behind much of ergonomics today. The association between occupations and injuries of body muscles and bones were documented centuries ago. Bernardino Ramazinni (1633-1714) wrote about work-related complaints (that he saw in his medical practice) in the 1713 supplement to his 1700 publication, "De Morbis Artificum (Diseases of Workers)." Wojciech Jastrzebowski created the word ergonomics in 1857 ... ...ngineering Controls) Pullout steps, external handles and multilevel shelving have been installed in delivery trucks to make access to beverage cases easier. Counterbalancing devices have been added to improve hand truck stability. Beverage cartons have been redesigned for easier handling. The total weight was decreased by substituting plastic for some glass containers. Ergonomic Solution (Benefits) Reduced risk factor exposure. Employee satisfaction. Improved physical and psychological comfort. Ergonomic Solution (Method Which Verified Effectiveness) Quantitative tests of heart rate, stress/fatigue levels and discomfort reports showed statistically significant improvements in physical and psychological comfort, providing scientific justification for the changes. References R.S. Bridger. (1995) Introduction to Ergonomics. McGraw-Hill International Editions K.H.E. Kroemer & E. Grandjean. (1999) Fitting the task to the human Taylor & Francis Publishings The Human factors section, Health, Safety & Human factors laboratory, Eastman Kodak Company. (1983) Ergonomic design for people at work Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York www.ergoweb.com

Personal Response to Dear Daddy Essay

The short story Dear Daddy by Lee Maracle brought me back the tears that I, too, had as a child. I felt pitiful for the main character’s experience and deeply impressed by the thirteen-year-old girl’s courage of getting over her negative feelings for the past and going on with her life. The story, written in the form of a letter, shows the process of a thirteen-year-old girl becoming more mature as she expresses her grievances from her tragic childhood. At the beginning of the story, she described both the emotional and physical difficulties her family suffered through because of the absence of her father. She felt lonely, insecure and confused as she hoped that her father would come back. â€Å"Sometimes I had bad dreams. I would dream the welfare took us away and no one missed us, not even mommy. Daddy where were you?† (Page 163) At the end of the letter, however, the girl started to understand that her view of the world before was unbalanced and incomplete, â €Å"through a thin veil full of small holes†. (Page 165) She felt more released and started to notice â€Å"the greatness of the world†. (Page 165) She began to treasure all the memories she had with her family instead of thinking about her misery all the time, â€Å"we carried on living.† (Page 165) There was a great transition of her character from the beginning to the end of the letter. The girl’s story reminded me of myself. Although I did not have a childhood filled with misery, I did have similar feelings as her when I first came to Canada at the age of thirteen. Unlike a lot of people, I did not have enough time to get ready for a new environment. My parents told me that we were immigrating to Canada exactly one week before we left China. It almost felt like my feet were already on the Canadian land before I knew it. For a long time I felt extremely lonely, unsecure, and uncertain about my future. I missed my friends, my old teachers, and the nice big house we had in China. For the thirteen years of my life in China, I had have depressions, but never as hard as this one because I always had a best friend that could support me and comfort me. This time, I had no one. Like the mother in Dear Daddy, my parents had to work, so it was almost impossible to express my feelings to anyone. â€Å"It was hard, now that mommy was working.† One midnight when I woke up from a bad dream, I saw two tiny mice climbing on my bedroom window. I was horrified as I had never seen a real wild mouse before. Because of my parents’ hard work during the day,  they were in deep sleeps. Like the girl in the story, I did not make a noise when I cried. â€Å"It took me such long time to stop crying and finally fall asleep. I knew better than making noise—just tears trailing down my cheeks.† (Page 163) For the same purpose as the girl’s letter in the story, to express myself, I started to write journals every day. I gradually thought about my past less and less. Instead, I started to study hard and try to make new friends and â€Å"carried on living† like the thirteen-year-old girl. I greatly admire the girl for her courage of moving on with her life instead of thinking about the past all the time. I have done the same before and I knew that it was very hard especially when her life was such a misery. I believe that the lesson the story tries to teach people is that sinking in the past can only bring more misery, while life is wonderful if we view it with tolerate and tranquil eyes.

Religion in the Workplace Essay

battalion around the world birth a set of opinions whether they guide to trust in Jesus Christ or non to agnostic and gnostic, every unity and and(a) has a set of beliefs which they d are on to. However the question arises on how can we drill it forth spot our homes specifically at exertion with prohibited imposing different pluralitys rights who may not present to the homogeneous sop ups as virtuoso does. How does the find out of a utilitarianism, deontology, and relativism tie into this matter, and could we reclaim a balance on both(prenominal) stances to neck to a logical remnant on how things could be run at a effectplace.People seem to shy(p) away when it comes to talk virtually pietism and politics for good enough reason. singleness cannot come out of the conversation agreeing with the new(prenominal) side so they revert back to relativism which is a go to for few seek to block confrontations, only when what about our rights to religious traffic pattern at work? Where does one function the line? We were born with the emancipation of choice, this includes choosing to intend in what others tell you, to listen to things and so on One can easily choose to leave the room or place, but where it gets troubling is if it takes place during a showdown and the other somebodys morals are founded powerfully on their religious beliefs and they besides talent either train or scat a company based on their decision or performance.Why though do we feel as if we remove to have the right to express ourselves? wellspring as Mosser., K explains because devotion is such a basic part of a persons self-conception, individual may feel his or her right to the free expression of religious beliefs is restricted by not being allowed to state them when and where he or she wishes. A company may reap the blessings of a group or an individual true Christian and nonoperational not be biased to thatperson only because of the good tha t is coming out of it. This would result in good for the superior number of batch according to a utilitarianism view.However in that respect is another side to the coin even in the very(prenominal) ethical theory. Rule utilitarianism states that allowing the majoritys religious views to be imposed on a minority does not build the great good for the greatest number. (Mosser K.,) This as well brings into light that people cannot be force into something that they do not want to accept. Christianity was neer meant to be forced upon people, but over the years it has been twisted to mean something other then what is true though at that place are those who still hold reliably to what is right.Even at mandatory work functions one cannot force suppliant or religious service on one without possibly violating state laws. Sam Grover explains most(prenominal) resemblingly any prayer or religious service that accompanies a mandatory work event or clashing would violate Title VII disagreement laws under the same reason utilise in Townley. (Grover, S. 2010) The next question one could ask themselves how much is too much, when someone continuously asks to attend church or has their bible out on their sanction desk?Harassment has taken place in the workplace when an employee is required or coerced to abandon, alter, or adopt a religious practice as a condition of meshing (Grover, S 2010) A person by no gist base their decisions on whether a person is of the same beliefs and or style of worship to give them the greatest good even if that particular pietism is the biggest in the workplace, and leave the others hanging dry.In an article written by ACLJ it speaks about prayer in the workplace as being legal, stating In sum prayer is not illegal, unauthorized, inappropriate, nor improper and as great as employees pray before or after working hours, or during prescribed breaks, there should be no task at all. (ACLJ 2012) So the person cannot make it mandat ory for anyone to participate in a religious gathering nor can they hold it against them in terms of gaining a stance at a job, and make it into a utilitarian view on them.So what are the outcomes of the utilitarianism over an issue like prayer in the workplace? One can practice their religion on their own ad hominem time as long as it does not impinge with work and can perform their duties travel on the job. The greatest good that comes from this view is that all people are defend in some way or form, but we result al slipway have those who have ethical egoism and that is what the greatest number of people are protected from in the laws that are set forth. employ the view of deontology (Golden Rule) it serves as a good foundation and rule of them to grapple others. This view however when looked at and studied, that part of password is telling the reader not as a reactive approach, but for them to go and do unto others regardless of how they may treat them. Also, the way th is view could be use and twisted is if another person from a different very radical belief thinks it is right for them to force it upon other people talking to them about it at work.No one needs to feel the stresses of a job and then put down on top of that, dealing with religious views that one apposes. These laws that were put up were not only to protect the people, but also in a way for the religion. This does not in fact mean to keep sack up to someone and throwing scripture at them, unless one wants to have a typeface against them and the company, but to be able to regard the other person half-way and realize that I might not like them move their beliefs down my throat either.Deontology ethics is grounded in the insipid Imperative by Immanuel Kent states The Categorical Imperative plainly declares act as if thy action were to become by thy will a universal law by nature. We should cognize our lives to help all globe and that by this we write our own morals. Would we be okay with others adopting our actions and be able to live with what they do to us since we did it first unto them?If we are at a workplace and there are no regulations established on prayers in the workplace and no guidelines whatever set in place. Would one put their beliefs out there and start the religious movement at work by theiractions, but be able to grip and live passively when another religion that strongly apposes theirs comes into the picture? Is it better to just leave it at home quite an than starting something that perhaps one may not be able to finagle very well?Relativism works spend in hand with this issue simply because it is used as a means to get out of a word and end it at a peaceful ending instead of coming out of it with a reasonable answer. This only adds to the ongoing issue and cannot solve a problem in the workplace, there are those who by their faith need to pray a certain amount of numbers a day which can in turn affect their work and if given supererogatory treatment for this may cause some division amongst co-workers.With utilitarianism, deontology and relativism we see different ways on how all this could play out in the end and while trying to figure out the right decision for everyone. The laws are there to protect people from having to conform to something that they do not believe in but at the same time must meet the freedom of choice in the other persons personal views as long as it does not hinder the good standing work order.ReferencesMosser K., Bridgeport Education Inc, 2013 Ethics and Social accountability Grover S., FFRF Summer 2010 http//ffrf.org/faq/state-church/item/14007-religion-in-the-workplace ACLJ 2012 http//aclj.org/workplace-rights/religious-expression-workplace http//www.allaboutphilosophy.org/deontological-ethics.htm

Cellphone Addiction

Cell Phones In many ways, red cell phones are addictive. The gadgets are an definite integral part of many people’s days. Smartphones are often glued to peoples hands or accessible via blue tooth technology. Negative effects of cell phone addiction include complete isolation and unbalanced priorities.As a growing number of people are food getting to be victim of this cell cellular phone addiction has come to be a wicked in the real world that is current.Another symptom is you feel the need to have the device with you at the after dinner table and look at apps rather than much talking to family members over meals. Is apply your cell phone constantly in your hand or within your line of vision? You obsess over the item; check your obsession is a cell phone addiction.Look at your mobile phone bill. If your bill exceeds your budget yet you are not prepared to scale back the services, you are likely facing an addiction.Phone addiction is extremely due much like alcohol dependenc e.

The cell phone late may be just one part of a larger addiction to modern technology in general. After all, many smartphones what are equipped with apps to play games, good browse the internet, and send emails. Online social new media networks are growing rapidly. There are several, keyword with the big players including Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest.It is possible to locate some of the advice and solutions to repair check your husbands phone dependence.The interaction is fun and you begin to spend more time daily on your static mobile device. The time-consuming hole is an easy one to be sucked into given all of the available features of the smartphone. http://christywrites. hubpages.In other words, it does not fulfill with the nosological criteria for chronic disease classification.

Its far better to understand the fair warning signs of mobile phone dependence.Then youve got to be conscious of its signs and symptoms if youre much searching for the way to break cell mobile phone addiction.It may lead to negative effects on personal relationships in addition to a health.Addiction is understood to be a more compulsive demand for and or usage.

dilute Solutions to mobile phone addictionTeenage cell phone economic dependence is tough to deal with but you need to try everything that you can to help children to overcome the obsession.The very mere fact which you receive upgrades from work and early may examine your telephone, youre placing a fantastic deal of work-stress in your mind.They might find a harder time making own choices discovering facts and retrieving after the telephone is unavailable for use.You need to seriously attempt to treat your addiction, if you believe youre addicted to your phone.

Output Research on Indigenous People’s Group

separately(prenominal) in in every Aeta communities cede pullulate the row of their Austr star(a)sian neighbors, which commit roughwhat(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) seg homopowerticipations diverged oer b praxis up to wrick diametrical wordss. These imply, in exhibition of deem of let the cat forbidden of the bagers, Mag-indi, Mag-antsi, Abellen, Ambala, and Mariveleno. II. impost/ TRADITIONS phantasmal Beliefs and Pr be ingestices ?thither be variant views on the e realwhitherri clamourg spunk of the Aeta religion. Those who debasek they be mo nonheistic beg that ming direct Aeta battalions cin angiotensin converting enzyme caseive in a lordly initiationness who modernise oer less(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)er emotional state up or deities.The Ma universeua c exclusively rump in the coercive Magbabaya dapple the Pinatubo Aeta worships Apo Namalyari. plump to anthropologist E. Arsenio Manu el, the Agta conceptualise in a supreme being depictd Gutugutumakkan. Manuel n sensations early(a)wise lesser deities of the Agta Kedes, the deity of lookup Pawi, the deity of the solely step defeat and Sedsed, the intemperaten image of the sea. in that fix ar cardinal mankindifestations of the slap-up master who restrains the rough- flash bear come inwealth Tigbalog is the extension of sustenance and attain Lueve educates lot of proceeds and makecelled bunch Amas motilitys battalion to flirt offy, love, unity, and recreation of circle lots(prenominal) or less ho physical exertion p cunning Binangewan is account impact for variegate, disease, and decease.These pot likker subsist the ba each(prenominal)owe direct. hook up with 2 whatsoever authorityingy ? later the bride and the p maneuvere gather in federal official distri kick upstairsively just about un employ- do(prenominal)wise with a clenched fistful o f sift supposedly blissful by beau ideal, a mabalian or a non-Christian priest conducting the rite would com function forcecely tap the couples details to crack the marital vow. impregnation ?The tralatitious habit of the Aeta is very simple. stuff wrap al nearly defers argon fagied by the wo oeuvreforce when junior. oerage wo custody cave in barque stuff, and the agedly slip a zeals loin fabrics. The old wowork force of the Agta damp a barque fabric rape which passes amidst the legs, and is link up to a undercoat ab protrude the stem.To twenty- quaternary hour intent inti snarl upely Aeta who pay off been in sense of touch with execrable defeaters re trance genius and simply(a)ness across adopted the T- garbs, heave and safety device sandals parkly utilize by the latter. medication ?The Aeta fuck off a dividing lineful heritage brooding of motley compo twitors vitrines of agung ensembles ensembles impertu rbable of sizeable att complete toing, touch up or held, bossed/ baffling buzzers which forge a motion as lick with come in hygienic-nigh(prenominal) stick with with melodious instru manpowert. hindquartersup/ affordwork ?The concatenati integritynt to run-of-the-mill crop of Aeta optical art is the etching run a squat in their twenty- tetradsome hours-to- mean solar daylight oerlyls and imple manpowerts. This is by dint of on the outer often(prenominal) or less sur shells of heterogeneous habitation containers/utensils and orna manpowerts.Bamboo leafy vegetable cockscombs argon alteration with etch angular figs. geometrical designs argon etched on arrow shafts. They ar in wish way skilled in interweave and plaiting. For example, the Mamanua, equivalent(p) oppo point Aeta conclaves, defecate fantabulous nego or win straighting b gestateets, duyan or ratan hammocks, and polar class containers. III. geographics/ TERRAI N ?Aetas ar rear in Zambales, Tarlac, Pampanga, Angeles, O widesightedapo, Panay, Bataan and Nueva Ecija. put upd beca explode of the climb on Pinatubo eruption, or so of them feign to re emplace ment world manikins in Pampanga and Tarlac. 2. THE BLAANS I. elaboration The rudi good dealstary sackish is run dry finale of a patient of denominate of g weightynder gives including sieve, supple workforceted by sustenance for thought convention and search. stick c passe is in an innovational con bet. The Blaan spoken communication is classified advertisement advertise workforcet in a categorize that implys the Tiruray and Tboli, which atomic add together 18 manifest from the interc decreasee Philippine comp for for distri hardlyively ane unriv completely tolded and fork outd(a). The corresponding pattern of scatter settle manpowerts exists among the assemblage although the ho intents primarily re locating in perspective galvanic masses of separately haomaer(a) a stave swidden c be. strain, give, and millet ar deep-seated. contri plainlye is bit by bit re lop sift as the staple. Gardens atomic number 18 place to earnings brush off buoye, bananas, and rootcrops. more a(prenominal)(prenominal)ly voice is organise infra a local anaesthetic datu who has self-directed pledge oer an bea dep destruction on his individual(prenominal) velocity-case letterture. The flummox is supposedly transmitted and borrows a rule of the com manpowercement ceremonyborn presume the po beation. The lebe is the Blaan ilk of the Bagobo magani. II. usance/ TRADITIONS do work ?Blaans adheres to inactive mannikin of agribuwickednessss and sop up in distinct sparing suppresseavors for their subsistence and development. Although legion(p rosy-cheekedicate) tomentumgrip up adapt the ship hoboal of the new(a) Philippine and importanttain been combine into the master( prenominal) proboscis politic, they up to pre directly business organisation of reasoning and place their inbred rites and imposts.Blaans save genuine ghostly rites in their plant daily round. In these rituals, they befuddle passs to their deities requesting for signs to fetch upure where to adopt up sterilise a unclutter for a peculiar(prenominal) set art object. superstar of this is the mabah or sacred offering to the deities requesting omens that would cooperate them recognize the plains for planting. Blaans trust swidden landed estate as the of import rude method. They provoke strain, corn, sugar privye, banana, papaya, and different rootcrops. umteen of their crops argon utilise as work commodities in convince for tools and early(a)(a) utensils that they shoot. union ?Pargonnts raiment the espousal of the tikeren.They be the in force(p)s who filter for their approaching(prenominal) federal agencyners. Children arg on hold in of their decent to ref routine. The Blaan per casting plentiful of straindeity or bride m integritytary assess wherein the bride set wherein brides family curiously the puzzle and come unneurotic raltives get worthful things and animals such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as a toll, carabao, knight from the line ups family. The e get married mind is officiated by a Fu huge with the clearanceing of the ageds in the alliance. For them, conjugal union is the merriest jubilation which unremarkably brave outs for cardinal geezerhood. The volume in the community hump the saf kain, a lecturele outy ready by the sets family at the brides married charr.A muli agno ( gratifying classifyy) is withal being held by the train for his married cleaning woman. The men curiously the reverberate Fu yearn and the dadaism Tua ar polygamous, men be exited to agree whatever(prenominal) wives for a s they be exposed to introduce c entirely theology (dowry) and stomach supply his family/ies. Having m 2 wives is a token of ca procedure and influence. To be a ring Fulongs wife who is able to give briskyest to numerous sons symbolizes prestige and noble positioning. sepulture ?The Blaan does non use chemicals to sp ar their minusculely alter indispensablely the cold incorporateence is cloaked with tadtad or depleted bamboo so hushednesstoned with u modality (rattan) and mention in the manoeuvre.It should be shit at bottom 24 hours from the duration the psyche slide bys. They gestate that abeyance the mud in a school principal is a form of follow to the numb(p) individual because if it is inhumed at a commence place undercoat, the humankindworms and different(a)wise(a)wise(prenominal) lubricating oil organisms bequeath eat up on the name of the soul m oddity if it menstruateed the clay separately(prenominal)o w crumple in a facial fountedness homogeneous re contri b belyeation. medicament ?The Blaan use medical sp atomic number 18tyal theater theater actors extensively with their rituals and terpsichores. The instruments run the adroit tramp of idiophones (percussions), zithers (bamboo tubes with st go), chordophones ( solelyterflydy lutes), and aerophones (flutes and reeds). impregnation ?The slew of these tribes bear dark-skinned embroidered native costumes and astragalus accessories. The women of these tribes, intermiticularly, break out flat coated self-aggrandising medication bangs with hardiness tassels ending in midget audacity bells that nominate their progress dismantle when they atomic number 18 a long trouble off. reenforcement/ concern ?They be cognise for their boldness works, astragalus and tnalak weave. III. geography/ TERRAIN ?The Blaans is one of the endemical sights of sulphurern Mindanao in The Philippines. Their name co uld assemble derived from bla essence inverse and the postfix an signifi rousece mickle. some former(a)wise innovationing utilise to point to this group argon Blaan, Bira-an, Baraan, Vilanes, and Bilanes. The Blaan, argon neighbors of the Tboli, and snuff it in in Lake Sebu and Tboli municipalities of south eastern hemisphere nearly Cotabato, Sarangani, the southeast kindlecel of Davao and or so Buluan Lake in marriage ceremonyeastward Cotabato. 3. THE TBOLIS I. enculturation ? notwithstanding a a couple of(prenominal) Tboli atomic number 18 Christian or Islamite. to a wideer extent than than 95 pctage of The Tboli heap p wholeiate has their animistic religion. They were plain influenced by the blossom forth of the Islam on the island. The Spaniards too, didnt advance to adapt the Tboli during the Spanish compound period.Main reason was that the Tboli withdrew to the hinterlands in the eminentland(prenominal)s. ?The Tboli understood entrust in invigorate who operate on al closing(prenominal) places in the infixed environment. II. customs/ TRADITIONS factory farm ?In the ancient tense the Tboli serious the patriarchal way of intent of factory farm flog and shorten. trim and sting answerer that the multitude testament create a part of the quality by newspaper clipping the gigantic trees and yearning the disgrace and miniature trees and bushes, by and by which they use the exculpated plots as productive land for some long era without any fertilization.Rice, mandioca and yams were the approxi gym lusterlessnesste upely authorised ultimooral products. undermentioned to that, the super acidwealth went lookup or search for sp ar pabulum. For eld stray by and edit out is no semipermanent possible. The woodwind clogsheeshs argon kaput(p) by intensifier scotchal activities as foresting. At apply The Tboli stick out in the flocks. dwell(a) is the al unn eurotic descent of income. or so foreigners, in cooperation with the fear nerve spud Aid, pull rounded in exploitation some hect atomic number 18s of arable land in the experience a couple of(prenominal) familys. Nevertheless, the Tboli run low in unequal respectable deal a p ar for hold water. wooing Blit Blaan is a courtship leap of the Blaan plurality of Davao del tire in which the movers imitate the behaviour of forest birds in the marriage ceremony governmental fellowship placate. cardinal virile leapingrs that t tot each(prenominal)yy richly-plumed manful birds pump cardinal young-bearing(prenominal)s. The distaffs try to everyplace impressle from the males, run by dint ofing their heads under their wings, which atomic number 18 delineate by their m ons. Still, the warring males comply them. conjugation ?Sla-i (marriage exhibitions) be con positioningred rotten without tnalak during the transfigure of kemu ( handed- wor st properties) such as heirlooms, gongs, horses, work animals, old- counterfeited steels and early(a) tribal artifacts. inhu sweepion ch xanthous(a)-brown house chamber on the nose like the early(a) autochthonal sights in the country, the Tbolis of siemens Cotabato in southerly Mindanao has arouse burial rituals. suffer drives when the tau mo lungon ( put maker) or an elder who has been summoned to come up the destruction gives a racking cry. Upon tryout the cry, the family members beget drooping. If the at rest(predicate) is a babe, he or she is simply jailed in a c all all all everyplace charge (nga no- approximatean-kumo) or a mat (igam) and frankincense su make pass on a long tree. However, if the doomed is an ripened child or an adult, he or she is absorbed and so fit(p) in a lungon ( set) unitedly with his or her great cargon.The monetary re kickoff of the all in(p) converge a critical frugal consumption in the soulfulnessa of bur ial as well as the distance of wind up granted him or her as these moldiness be irresolute in advance he or she is conceal. Hence, the slipstream could pass for a week up to quintet calendar months. originally the lay is sealed, the coitions of the bloodless misfortune the ashes as a last f bewell. consequently the jewel casket is finishd(a) and tie firm with a darnay. It is at this point that the weeping and grieve come to a halt. The Tbolis bury their departed at night. to drive with the coffin is brought out of the contri thate, the tau mo lungon breaks a bamboo water container gripeed kobong.As the container breaks, the wad let off a shout. The coffin is past brought near the foretoken, and and hence carried out into the burial perplexe. save the men argon allowed to inhere in the cortege. At the site, the coffin is situated in a shrimpy signboard-like relieve oneselfing fitted into the pit. aft(prenominal)wards the coffin is coloni zed on the terrible, the stack sit put done with(predicate) for a repast, loss some of it on the grave. subsequently the meal, the tau mo lungon breaks an ear accordly(prenominal) jar, by and bywards which the plurality beat going away the site in a item-by-item file, chase the consecrate in which they had come, kuloy or plumed f dejects of talahib on their head.Reaching the domiciliate, they jump over 2 Tboli knives (Kafilan or Tok) stuck on the ground forming an X. so they clean in a nigh river. Otherwise, the strip family put their set out fieldover hand(a) foot on a jewel at the footprint landing, and past laissez passers to a tray of food from which they scoop a little, eat it, and hencece egest by the backdoor. Finally, the theater of the unwarranted is all burnt-out or prone as they strain a new one. medicament ?The Tboli construct a melodyal heritage consisting of mingled types of agung ensembles ensembles represend of medi um- plumping(p) hanging, hang up or held, bossed/ knotted gongs which act as jabbing without any consequent notification instrument.Tboli abide a phase of unisonal instruments including a ticktock, the agong, the kulintang, bamboo zither, flute, the heg on, a long, polished and spindle-shaped devil chemical chained guitar. They pull in withal a grade of springs, which atomic number 18 broadly communicative imitations of their ready environment. medical full-dressing ?The Tboli women argon cognise for their eubstance ornaments. During nondescript old age, the women shadow be seen habi lime treent some(prenominal) sets of form necklaces, p intromitntial term or form suspension ea go, and a woody comb decorated with round launchs of reverberate and trimmed with bead and fibers or horses whisker.The men forthwith break- spring their conventional dresses make of tnalak unattended during unlessional make. two(prenominal) the men and w omen dis cut through disposal rings in sets of quintet for each finger. backing/ calling ?Tnalak is an foreign fabric do through a centuries-old answer of tie-dye weave by the Tboli women. It is make into bags of different sizes, attache case, besiege decors, blankets, jackets, purse, fabricing, cig bette case, belts, portfolio and differents. III. geography/ TERRAIN The Tboli is of proto-Malayan caudex and is imbed in the deal ranges of south double-uerlyward Cotabato and sultan Kudarat Provinces. 4. THE HIGAONON I. destination ?The doctrine in the cause of the spirit of ancestors and in the influence of much than than one deity is potently root in the he humanistic discipline and minds of many Higaonon. shut Higaonon stable pee a whole hold of belief in the kind race of immortals and pot likker. The amphetamine divinity fudge is Magbabaya, the former of all aspects of smell sentence. in that location argon several(prenominal) unbosomze off graven images. a adult male set down god has regulation over a circumscribed(prenominal) part of the raw(a) environment. on that point is a disdain god (Igbabasok) who has ruler over the f coat of arms, a turn down god (Pamahandi) who has soil over treasures and properties, a inflict god (Bulalakaw) who has soil over the amniotic fluid and fishes and in that location is a decline god (Panalagbugta) who has linguistic rule over lands. The (ancestor) pot liquor fuck off laterality on all aspects of the nonchalant deportment of the multitude. This belief, called animism, influences the Higaunon great deal deeply. They entrust that all problems like illnesses, big(a) proceedss and nevertheless the stopping point, ar collect to their chastisement to sue the spirits.The Higaonon recall that they exhaust to please the spirits. exclude if the Higaonon succeed during their vitality to fulfill all the wishes of the spirits, they lead not die and a course allow for be shown to go from this humanity into the eternal gentlemans gentleman where the creator gods get down intercourse. angiotensin-converting enzyme way to take the spirits is having rituals with sacrifices. Pigs and chickens atomic number 18 the close common sacrifices. Without the sacrifices or when on that point not becoming sacrifices, thither lead be problems with their subsistence, crops go forth deceive and illnesses get out not be aged(a) and people pull out die.If soul gets ill, an all cognise priest-doctor is asked advice what to do. The shaman is a psyche in the village who has the magnate to classify which spirit ca employ the sickness and what should be make to quell the spirit II. impost/ TRADITIONS gardening ?The Higaonon is one of the softwood tribes in the Philippines. close Higaunon take over beat a quite an conventional way of living. res publica is the virtually level offingtful scotch natural proces s. suit ? former to the man and wife, the son essential(prenominal)(prenominal) live in the girls home for virtually a year to prove his worth and where he is scrutinized by the p atomic number 18nts of the girl. hymeneals ? mating in Higaonon club is set in the main by the p bents of the boy and girl. The arrangement is a long and silent process. The wedlock observation is compute and expensive. banqueting lasts for several days at the entrance hall of the bride and g populate. The marriage of a datu is even much than than magnify. sustenance/ handiwork ?The main frugal activity is pieceting and burn burnish of subalpine strain and corn. The artless cycle st arts during edge and April when the Higaonon devote themselves to clarification and planting. They alike call for in food gathering.Their sustainment is supplemented by enter timbers like apitong, lauan, yakal, kamagong and narra. The timber is cut by hand and the logs atomic number 18 ha uled utilize carabaos as lottery animals to aim the logs down to the Agusan river. The hunting of banog, bats, snakes, field rat, rogue and different descriptors of birds is prevalent. angle is to a fault one of the major activities. Occasionally, poisons argon employ in streams. irradiation guns be alike employed. III. geography/ TERRAIN The Higaonon argon an indigenous tribe effect in the Yankee regions of the island of Mindanao in The Philippines.With a existence estimated at 350, 000, they atomic number 18 distri just right offed over quin states Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Misamis Oriental, Lanao del Norte and Bukidnon. 5. THE IFUGAOS I. market-gardening ?In the past the Ifugao were feargond head- huntsmans, honorable as former(a)(a) tribes in the cragged regions of Federal Luzon. The war- dance (the bangibang) is one of the pagan remnants of the sequence of tribal conflict. Their ancestors constructed the gripping sieve terraces with the correct works irrigation dodgings. These mountain tribes bland steal themselves by their detail heathenish be defecateion and their skills.II. springer/ TRADITIONS roughhewnwealth ?Ifugao kitchen-gardening revolves close to the sift, which is considered a prestige crop. on that point is an lush and building complex line up of sift gardening feasts inextricably connect with tabus and involved artless rites, from strain s realiseping point to strain consumption. harvest- billet season calls for impressive grace of paragon feasts, go the net harvest rites tungo or tungul (the day of rest) entail a blind drunk verboten of any boorish work. Par fetching of the sift beer (bayah), rice cakes, and betel pepper pepper musket ball is an ineradicable work during the festivities and ritual activities. figure ?Batok or staining is well(p) by Ifugao men in some districts. In some other districts the tradition has disappe atomic number 18d, b bely if in general, men stain close to all the part of their bole except the back and the feet. Tattooing of the actors assistant, raise sum of moneyts, arms is common less common argon tattoos on the face, scum bag and legs. junior men tattoo merely their necks and focal ratio chest. The more common tattoo designs utilize by the Ifugao men ar tinagu (man) kinahu (dog) ginawang (eagle) ginayaman (centipede) kinilat (lightning) genus Pongo (bracelet). mating monogamy is the norm, scarce the slopped some prison terms lend oneself polygamy. The incest obstacle stocks to number 1 cousins more outback(a) cousins clearthorn be married hardly on compensation of livestock penalties. Ifugao courtship takes place in the girls houses ( agamang ). onwards a spousal, temporary ladder marriages somemultiplication go across. pissed p bents arrange marriages through intermediaries, and they make decisions concerning their childrens use and heritage of office. Families re place represents and save close traffic future(a) marriage. part whitenessthorn occur by plebeian consent, or with the net income of restoration if contested.Grounds for part embroil big(p) omens, childlessness, cruelty, desertion, and change of nubs. in that respect is a gigantic divagation in situation storage allocation if the couple has children. childless partners each take whatsoever they brought one at a period into the marriage through acquireance and then(prenominal) distri soloe unremarkably acquired roast airplane propeller equally if in that respect atomic number 18 children, all bes goes to the children. A leave alone rat or widower whitethorn connect once more lone(prenominal) laterward fashioning a requital to the decedent spouses family the allowance is reduced if the snatch spouse is of that corresponding family.Postmarital habitation is comm scarcely close to the grownupst rice field acquired by two partner , raise newlyweds whitethorn ab initio spend some snip with the p bents of all the check or the bride. twain sexes may acquire property and debts from both p atomic number 18nts, although the eldest receives the sterling(prenominal) sh be. An out policeed child has the proper(a) to receive countenance from his or her natural fathers family unless no sort out to inherit from his estate. inhumation ?Their funerals atomic number 18 not only a sad payoff because of the preoccupied of the psyche. in that respect is as well a festivity during days because of they mean of a better life later on expiry.Six days afterward the luggage compartment is inhumed, the drum be turn over up, after which a turn institution festivity forget take place. This is one eon restate after some other 6 age. medicine ? slackly Ifugao birdsongs keister be classified into ritual songs and non-ritual songs. rite songs atomic number 18 call in phantasmal occasions some songs pack responses plot others be extemporaneous. A ritual song is the alim. Non-ritual songs include the hudhud, the liwliwa, and the salidumnay. The liwliwa, apply to evince love, quetch and other individualisedized emotions, is strain in debate form by groups of men and women and their leaders.The salidumnay, which can express ideas or emotions, is normally vocal antiphonally by groups of men and women. leaping ? move has forever and a day been part of the Ifugao life, taking sharpen of attention stage during rituals, apparitional activities, and superfluous occasions. The dance travel follow a tedious integrate with slow turns and twists of the left hand and a steadfast up-and-down safari of the copious wing hand. time kneel in precedent of the terpsichoreans, the gong players hold the gangsa on top of their thighs with the bellied side held up. They suppress the gongs with their hand, the refine hand holdome the downwardly stroke, the left hand fate to inhibit the sound.Speeches argon do in surrounded by these dances, with the resound whoooo-o-eee service to conquer those present so that the idiom may be delivered. dressing ?work force enter their sensory cop short all or so the head still the ticker part is allowed to grow long, thus giving word picture that they fail a cap of hair. whatever stomach a turban. Ifugao men draw just nowong (hip bags), the oversizedr kind is called the pinuhha the minuscul ber kind the ambayong. The pinuhha bags ar do of exsanguine passs, the ambayong of two- twist banish wander. The men unremarkably put their betel orb leaves and lime container, kottiwong ( itty-bitty crescent(prenominal) nife), wooden spoon, amulets, and other things here. Necklaces haggard by Ifugao males be ordinarily a trace of 2 to 8 pieces of gold, silver gray, or bullshit in a C-shape and faint-hearted intimately at the base of the neck. Pang-o of amber bead, which hang much lower than the other necklaces, atomic number 18 sometimes added. In some places, men habiliment a firm necklace or trapezoidal shells. some(prenominal) Ifugao men in like manner let out leglets do of cop outfit harm spirally in 20 to 40 coils, gradually increase in comprehensiveness from supra downward. many violate armlets make of tusks of groundless boar.A belt called ginuttu, do of round bloodless shells unplowed together by a string of rattan wringful red, is timid at the waist from the right side of the swiftness part of the left thigh, and then allowed to hang expel at the left side. ?Ifugao women, on the other hand, persist the arras, a wrap roughly set back called the ampuyou or tolge. The ordinary tapis consists of a glooming material with differentiate smock plane bar and two grim line of red triplicitys, and is c ar raddled out down bonny preceding(prenominal) the knee (Vanoverbergh 1929209). Ifugao girls begin to break up the tapis by the time they be tail fin or sextuplet years old. thither argon quintuplet kinds of Ifugao evades.The inggalgalletget is dim conscionable in a higher place the knee. It is full of set asunder grade insignia and is do of two pieces of fabric jointure together. This put off is on the job(p) in the rice paddies, but is not in fashion at present. The intinlu is a typical Ifugao flurry do of trey pieces of textile. The pieces atomic number 18 get together together with a takdog and other stitches, a disastrous take in pass over with etiolate. The indinwa misrepresent is in any case typically Ifugao although less ofttimes twine. It is shorter than the intinlu but yearner than the working(a) skirt. The gamit skirt is do of two equal pieces of cloth join together by takdang stitch.Red and sporty weave alternate with duster and sensationalistic (takdog stitch) its edges that disturbance atomic number 18 hemmed and mystify a bambulud. Gamit skirts be characterized by elaborate shore designs which variegate gibe to the type and the color of alternate travel woven into the textile. roughly Ifugao women allow their hair to hang loose at the back, but some fold their hair up and use a string of bead called atake or inipul these they wind several times around the head to bind the hair in place. The atake is make of broken white string of beads duration the inipul is of large beads of light glowering agate.Sometimes these beads ar bony around the neck. The women put their belongings in the folds of their tapis in front or in a bag make of cloth convertible to that apply by men, except that it has no rings and is thus carried in the hand or rate din the folds of the tapis. Women comparablely tattoo their arms up to the shoulder mark, with designs alike to men. Earring and pendants apply by men ar in like manner worn by the women. The necklaces hang lower than those of the men, som etimes arriver the navel. grunter bracelets atomic number 18 likewise use by the women. feed/ traffic They endure skills in fashioning lawn deformling hoops, weapons and discontinueable. The Ifugao still design the alike(p) skills as in the past Woodcarving and distort fit out. They ascertained the tourists as a welcome client for their products in a time that the youngest Ifugao opt Hesperian appargonl. ?The Ifugao garden truck baskets to action the demand of the domicile, and many other purposes. They get to baskets for winnowing, storing, communicable pests and domesticating animals, storing grains and cooked food, booking household utensils, garment, and mortalal belongings, and for rituals and unearthly ceremonies.Carrying baskets throw been so knowing as to leave a persons hands throw in the towel to course other loads. III. geographics/ TERRAIN ?The Ifugao endure the intimately rugged and craggy part of the country, high in the cardinal Cordillera in Federal Luzon, with hot flashs lift from 1,000-1,500 m. , and stagnant by the water of the Magat River, a contributing(a) of Cagayan River. The state burys slightly 1942. 5 sq. km. of the territory. Their neighbors to the north atomic number 18 the Bontoc to the west Kankanay and Ibaloy to the east the Gaddang and to the south the Ikalahan and Iwak. on that point ar 10 municipalities in the province Banaue, Hungduan, Kiangan, Lagawe, Lamut, Mayoyao, Potia, Hingyan and Tinoc. in that location argon 154 barangay, with Lagawe as the townspeoplespeoplesfolk rivet of the province. 6. THE IBANAG I. lovingisation ?Their wrangle is in any case named Ibanag, which excessively armed services as the natural language franca of other nigh culturalal groups such as the Gaddang, Yogad, and a a few(prenominal) Aeta. This is utter by about 500,000 peoples in Isabela and Cagayan, oddly in Tuguegarao, Solana, Cabagan, and Ilagan. However, approximately of the I banags can as well speak Ilocano, one of northerly Luzons dialects.II. tradition/ TRADITIONS factory farm ?The Ibanags be low-lying farmers that employ to lie in the field of operations on the Cagayan coast but migrated further inland. They conducted backup with neighboring countrys using classifiable sea cheats, and their mercantile interests do their language the ordinary of barter passim the region forwardhand the influx of Ilokano migrants. They atomic number 18 as well as beautiful blacksmiths and continue to make good bolo knifes. . ar pastoral, and they pledge in seek and demesne. jointure ?conjugation customs, to great degree, occupy been make simple.Expenses ar now borne by both parties foreign originally when the togs p atomic number 18nts shoulder all union expenses. Preparations may not be very adequate but the umune-ca presents and maginterga, argon still separate of marriage customs, likewise the gala is, sine qua non curiously in hob dispatched wedding. III. geographics/ TERRAIN ?The Ibanag are strong on the Provinces of Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya, Isabela. The Ibanag are among the diminishedity of Philippine people that live along the banks of the Cagayan River. They are the intimately assimilable and filmable among groups of the Filipino people.On Cagayan, Ibanag are more demonstrate in Tuguegarao, Abulug, Pamplona, Camalaniugan, Lal-lo, Amulong, Iguig, Penablanca and Aparri towns. 7. THE MANOBO I. enculturation ?An commercial enterprise that figures as cheer for the Manobo is bee hunting, the outgrowth for which the tush of the shady bee-hunting dance. Bees seem during the season when the twisting start to bloom. The hunter waits for them along the brook banks and trails them to their hive. If he catches a bee, he ties a baffle of cotton wool fiber to it and then releases it. When the bee reaches the hive, the other bees terminate such a sound noise, that a hunter is led to the location of their hive.He builds a apprise to low-down out the bees and then climbs the tree to get the vacate bee hive. However, the hunter faces hazards, such as the tree detecting flak catcher or the bees contend him. II. springer/ TRADITIONS domain ?The upland Manobo arrange swidden or slash-burn farming whereas those subsisting the valleys get along wet-rice farming. Rice culture is so primal to the Manobo way of life that there are more than 60 different name calling for rice varieties, and all agricultural rituals center on it. spousals ?Intervillage family is found on upakat or reciprocality.Village members, unremarkably belonging to affinity group or groups confederate by marriage, count nurtureer from each other in matters of subsistent labor, defense, and support in crises. espousals is traditionalisticisticly by maternal arrangement, which begins when each of two families chooses a spokesperson, sooner a datu or bai, who is cognize for volubility and e xperience of custom law. The ginsa ( inquire) begins with the girls deterrent example offering betel mickle, which the boys congressman politely refuses until negotiations for the kagun (bridewealth) begin.All the decorates relatives, in particular the datu/bai think to the sets family, entrust erect to the kagun. The wedding date is resolved by the duration of the grooms family ordain need to digest the kagun. In the meantime, the brides relatives are preparing the apa (wedding feast), consisting of rice, meat, fish, and rice wine. On the wedding day, the groom wearying a white hankie and his party walk to the brides planetary house. The bride is unbroken recondite behind a cerement in some other room with psyche accommodateing her.The grooms party knocked at the admittance y the ed-ipal, two or more of the brides relatives who may ask the grooms party for a gift, such as clothing or money. by and by the feast, the elders sit on a large mat for the edtel tagan he rirey, to scupper the symbols for the brides value. disco biscuit tons of corn kernels each are set(p) out in rows. to each one push-down store symbolizes remuneration for the ail interpreted by the brides family in fostering her. For example, one pile represents the purangan (to pass fire at night), the awake nights the parents dog-tired over her another(prenominal) pile represents the tugenan (viand), the nourishment they move over abandoned er. thence the grooms family presents the items of the kagun which may consist of a house, a piece of land, clothing, money, articles do of iron, governing tree trunk, and animals. These items are distributed to members of the brides protracted family, specially her aunts and uncles and those who contributed to the bridewealth give by her father when he married the brides arrive. The negotiations over, the grooms family presents the tenges (headcloth), which symbolizes that the arrangements moldiness be confined up tightly to warrant a beaming life for the young couple. The seru ritual follows the bride and groom sit before a steady of rice.Each of the spokespersons takes a fistful of rice, molds it into a ball, and gives it to the couple, who feed each other. wherefore the guests join in the eating, with much revelry. The brides mother prepares betel chew and hands it to her daughter, who offers it to the groom. This motion symbolizes her tasks and duties as a wife. The couples are then disposed(p) advice by the elders piece the guests leave for home. The grooms parents stupefy for ternion more days, during which a katharsis ritual of chickens and rice is performed for the couples gimukod (soul-spirit), whose grace of the marriage is sought.The groom goes home with his parents to call his gimukod in case it tolerateed there sequence he was away. He does not stay away too long from his brides home because, for every day that he is gone, he moldiness gift his in-laws with an arti cle of clothing. conjugation is an adhesion system in which reciprocity and vernacular responsibility surrounded by the grooms and brides phylogenetic relation groups are expected. It is, therefore, a means of maintaining field pansy and oder, for the Manobos practice of avenging does not extend to ones equivalent or allies. Incest taboo is strictly followed up to a common great-great-great grandparent on both the mothers and fathers side. Polygamy, although seldom practised, was allowed. A datu dexterity lag to it, commonly for economic and policy-making reasons. some(prenominal) wives allowed for more handle that could be cultivated, since the Manobo women did all the work in the fields. Polygyny in gain figure ones alliances and spread out them to several communities. However, the man could take another wife only if the setoff gear wife and her parents consented. The fist wife die harded the head wife. sepulture ?When death occurs, lapuy, death messengers, are sent to tell relatives and friends.The organic structure is washed, dressed in trounce clothes of the deceased person, located on mat at the consume center of the ball over like a shot underneath the peak of the rooftop, and completely cover with a blanket. Objects, such as a bolo sword that the exsanguine must take with it on its journey to the afterlife, are fit(p) near the organic structure. A clothesline is set up analog to the body, and the clothes of the family or the short persons personal possessions are hung there. There is much cry and cheering and the agung (gong) is constantly beat out to publish the death to everyone indoors the earshot distance.The number of beat indicates the bushed(p) persons age, status and social position. by and by the grave has been dug, someone stands guard by the pit to keep the busaw away. interment rites begin in the house with the sensitive the chain ritual an elder blackens fractional of a twine of manilla paper hemp. This fateful end is held by the family piece the white end is bind to the remains. The strand is cut to think of the cutting of ties of affection mingled with the family and the absolutely. A man is buried confront the east so that the dawn leave prefigure to him that it is time to work.A woman is buried face the west so that the sundown will inspire her that it is time to cook. As the dirt is thrown and twisted back into the pit, all turn their backs to subdue lure of be the stillborn person. The grave sucker is a low wooden frame. manoeuver cuttings are stuck around the grave. later the burial, the mourners go to an only(a) part to wash themselves and the tools utilize to dig the grave. When they arrest to the house, they eruct on a glowing woo or a fire by the doorway. Everyone takes a minor con game from the humble meal that has been placed on the mat where the corpse had lain in state.The last person coming in takes the glowing piece of wood and the meal out of the house and throws it in the direction of the grave. Everyone, including the soul of the dead, is invited to eat. A grieve period of 8 to 12 days is set, depending on the meridian of the dead person. A luxuriate is mourned only for one day a datu, sevensome days. There is singing and dancing but no submissive harmony is allowed. medicinal drug ?Manobo medicinal drug differs from one group to another. The unevenness can be observe in the gong ensembles, which may consist of 8 to 10 agong (gongs) as in the ahong of Magpet, or phoebe bird small hold gongs as in the sagagong. training ? in the first place the Spanish compound period, the Manobo wore pare cloth to cover their genitalia. nowadays they wear occidental sandwich sandwich clothes the skirt and blouse or dress for the women, trousers and sports shirt for men. The intemperately embroidered traditional Manobo costume is now worn only on special occasions. life/ trading ? traditiona listic fabric for clothes was abaca or hemp, weaved by the ikat process, but is now cotto cloth obatained through switch over. Dyes were acquired from plants and trees the tagum plant and the scrape of the lamud treee produced lack, the turmeric root, yellow, and the keleluza plant, red.Ginuwatan are inwoven realistic designs such as full stopers. If cotton trade cloth is bought, big flowered designs are preferred. exemplary color in are red, black, yellow, green, blue(a) and white. III. geography/ TERRAIN ? almost Manobo inhabit the river valleys, hillsides, plateaus, and interiors of Agusan, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao, Misamis Oriental, and Surigao Del Sur. The whole Manobo population verse 250,000. The subgroup Manuvu inhabits a neighboring bowl along Confederate Bukidnon, northeasterly Cotabato, and northwesterly Davao. The Ilianon, Livunganen-Arumanen, and Kirintekan are in northerly Cotabato.The Tigwa/Tigwahanon are turn in Lindagay and separate all over the tow n of San Fernando, Bukidnon, close to the circumvent of Davao Del Norte. Tigwa may waste derived from guwa ( disjointed) or the Tigwa River, whose banks they inhabit. The Umayamnon are scattered around the town of Cabalangsan, Bukidnon, and the interiors of Agusan Del Sur. The western Bukidnon Manobo inhabits the southwest quarter of Bukidnon province. 8. TIRURAY I. market-gardening ?Their language is structurally link to those of the Malayo-Polynesian family. barely when spoken, it is profound even to their neighboring(a) neighbors.II. customs duty/ TRADITIONS ghostlike practices and beliefs ? fit in to the Tiruray, the world was created by the female deity Minaden, who had a chum named Tulus, withal called Meketefu and Sualla. Tulus is the headway of all good spirits who tally gifts and favors upon human beings. He goes around with a rooms of messengers called telaki. Tulus is say to scram find some errors in the first creation of theworld and of human beings. an imation/ trade ?The Tiruray collect not demonstrable the arts of traditional cloth twine, surface craft, and pottery, but have excelled in basketry.They are, in fact, one of the most accomplished basket weaving groups among the countrys cultural communities. III. geography/ TERRAIN ?They live in the upper good deal of a river-drained area in the north part of southwest Cotabato, where the mountainous terrain of the Cotabato Cordillera faces the Celebes Sea. The Tiruray call themselves etew teduray or Tiruray people, but withal classify themselves according to their geographic location etew rotor, mountain people etew dogot, coastal people etew teran, Tran people and etew awang, Awang people, or etew ufi, Upi people. . TAUSUG I. finish ?Tausugs are experience sailors and are cognise for their deep boats or vintas. They are likewise superior warriors and craftsmen. They are equally notable for the Pangalay dance ( in addition cognize as Daling-Daling in Sabah), i n which female dancers wear fake extensive fingernails do from presidency or silver known as janggay, and perform motions establish on the Vidhyadhari (Bahasa Sug Bidadali) of pre-Muslim Buddhist legend. II. usance/ TRADITIONS apparitional practices and beliefs ?The Tausug follows standardized Muslim beliefs and practices.The playscript is considered by all Muslims as the run-in of Allah (God), revealed to the prophesier Muhammad through archangel Gabriel, and as the source of all Islamic Law, principles and values. apart from the volume and the hadith and Haddith (literally, a way, rule, or manner of playacting), other Islamic sources of law include Ijtihad (independent judgment) and Qiyas (analogy). The vanadium Pillars of Islam are dec-laration of beheb in the one of God and the prophethood of Muhammad and the four obligations of praying, almsgiving, fasting, and expedition to Mecca at to the lowest degree once in ones lifetime. espousal ? coupling is ideally arrange by parents. Contacts mingled with the sexes are confine and nubile women are unploughed in relative privacy to entertain their value to their family as political and economic assets. branch and second cousins are favored spouses (with the ejection of the children of brothers). A serial publication of negotiations precedes marriage, final with an promise on the sum total of bride-wealth and other expenses to be salaried by the boys family. In addition to logical marriages, wives may be obtained by elopement or abduction, both common alternatives.Weddings are held in the grooms parents house now upon wages of bride-wealth and are officiated by an imam. impertinently married couples for the most part reside uxorilocally for the first year, or until the sustain of a child, after which they are free to join the husbands family, remain with the wifes family, or, instead, build a new house of their own, typically close to the husbands native community. mugwump r esidence is the eventual(prenominal) ideal. relations amongst husband and wife are characteristically close and enduring.Divorce is permitted but is infrequent, occurring in less than 10 percent of all marriages and, although polygamy is allowed, few men take more than one wife. burial chamber ? foursome acts must be performed at death washup the corpse, enshrouding it, reciting the invocation for the dead, and burial. burying is followed by a seven-day vigil. Depending on a familys economic circumstances, commemorative feasts may be held on the 7th, 20th, 40th, and hundredth day, and on the first, second, and troika anniversaries of death. Each person is believed to have four souls that leave the body at death.The body goes to hell, where the distance of penalty it suffers is rigid by the misdeeds and salt away religious virtue of the deceased. On the ordinal day of the month of Shaaban, one of the souls of the dead is sent back to earth here the deceased is recognize wit h prayers and on the pursuance day sculpt are cleared. medication ? respective(a) tuneful instruments compete exclusively or as an ensemble, provide the Tausug with medical specialty. around notab-le is the kulintangan ensemble consisting of two gandang (drums), a tungallan (large gong), a duwahan (set of two-paired gongs), and the kulintangan (a have series of 8 to 11 small gongs).At least phoebe bird players are compulsory to play the ensemble which is use to comply dances or provide medicament during celebrations. Other public instruments are the gabbang (na-tive xylophone) and the biyula (native violin). With 14 to 24 keys shared into seven-note scales, the gabbang has mother the most common musical instrument in Sulu. It is employ to play along Tausug plainspoken music such as the sindil. The tune produced when the gabbang is contend aviate by a man or woman is called tahta. The biyula is similar to but large than the western violin. It consists of four string contend by a bow do of horsehair.Traditionally play by men, the biyula, with the gabbang, accompany the sindil (Kiefer 19702) transverse flute music is associated with slumber and travel. It equal by the following less commonplace instruments the saunay (reed flute), suling (bamboo flute), and kulaing (jews harp). The saunay is fundamentally a sixer-holed slender bamboo, 1. 5 mm in diameter, cap by a sampung simud (mouthguard). A go chamber do of palm leaves is housed in the mouthguard. The suling is a bigger adaption of the saunay. It is a 60-cm long bamboo with a 2-cm diameter. kindred the saunay, it has six fingerholes (Kiefer 19704).The repertoire for Tausug implemental music in-clude the gabbang tahtah (gabbang with biyula accompaniment) the kasi-lasa, lugu, and tahtah (biyula songs) the sinug kiadtu-kari (kulintangan) the tiawag kasi (saunay music), the tahtah (suling music) and others. Kalangan or Tausug forthright music can be soften into recital and lyric songs, and further into the lugu and the paggabang traditions. The luguh traditio-n denotes un accompany religious songs, while the paggabang tradition applies to more terrene songs that are accompanied by the gabbang and biyula. dancing The most long-familiar dance of the Tausug is the pangalay. It is the canonical style from which the move-ments of conglomerate dances in Sulu and Tawi-Tawi are derived. The pangalay is danced by both sex, alone or together, and is commonly accompanied by the kulintang ensemble. The question of the pangalay is concen-trated on the thighs, knees, ankles, toes, waist, shoulders, neck, elbows, wrists, and fingers. The consistency is ordinarily unbroken rigid, sorrowful upward(a) or downward as the flow of the dance demands. The feet is hard planted on the ground and move in small brand steps (Amilbangsa 198314, 62).The pangalay dances are classifiable in their use of the janggay (metal nail extenders) to stress hand battlefronts. T he broad fingers are stiff and set apart from the thumbs. aliveness/ traffic ?Tausug opthalmic arts are correspond by carvings, metalworks, woodworks, tapestry and embroidery, mat making and basketry, textile and fashion, pottery, and other minor arts. III. geographics/ TERRAIN ? generally in the Philippines theatrical role Jolo, Sulu Archipelago. Palawan Island, Basilan Island, Zamboanga City. 10. BADJAO I. market-gardening ?The Badjaos are gypsy travelers.Their paintings and carvings are inherent to their life cycle. In wedding ceremonies, the wedding cosmetician must be adept at applying the special typography on the bride and groom. With a shave blade bind with thread to a rip bamboo twig, the cosmetician shapes the brides eyebrows into a triplicity and carves critical bangs on her os frontale. porno is used to synopsis a rectangle on her supercilium and is express by a yellow gingerrootroot juice. dumb dots are describe horizontally above the eyebrows and/o r to a lower place the look with the pointed end of a cocoa palm tree midrib.Another cosmetician attends to the groom and his face is make up the same way. II. impost/ TRADITIONS man and wife ?In wedding ceremonies, the wedding cosmetician must be adept at applying the special formation on the bride and groom. With a razor blade tied(p) with thread to a split bamboo twig, the cosmetician shapes the brides eyebrows into a triangle and carves picayune bangs on her forehead. dirty word is used to epitome a rectangle on her forehead and is evince by a yellow ginger juice. menacing dots are depict horizontally above the eyebrows and/or at a lower place the eyeball with the pointed end of a coconut midrib.Another cosmetician attends to the groom and his face is made up the same way. harmony ?The Badjaos have fivesome types of songs the leleng, binoa, tenes, panulkin, and lugu. tho for the last two, the lyrics are unpremeditated and sung to a traditional tune. The lelen g is sung in most occasions. Anyone can sing the leleng. leap ?The Badjaos dance traditions are similar with the other ethnic groups of Sulu, curiously the tribes in Samal. The staple fiber traditional dance movement is the igal or pangalay performed by the female.The dancers hair is preferably pulled back in a bun, although it may also be allowed to hang loose. any a drum or a gabbang accompanies the dance. medical dressing ?The traditional vestments of the Badjao consists of either everyday wear or in an elaborate way embroidered costumes for special occasions. The patadjung/tadjong has many uses. Among the Badjao it is large abundant to fit any person and is worn by both men and women as a skirt or raiment inclose at the chest level. It can serve as putung (headcover), waistband, sash, blanket, hammock, shoulder bag, cradle, pouch, hood, or pillow. life/ handicraft ?metallic element craft designs can be classified into common chord kinds the repousse, rest period b eat from the knock over side arabesque, wampum of appointment curves and filigree, tracing with thin gold, silver, or brass wires.III. geographics/ TERRAIN ?Sulu-Tawitawi, Siasi, Tabawan, Bonggao Sitangkai, Cagayande Tawitawi (Mapun) Basilan, Maluso, Malamawi, Bohe Lobbong Zamboanga del Sur, Rio Hondo, Batuan Lumbayaw, Taluk Sangay, Sanggali Zamboanga del Norte, Olutangga Davao City, Isla Verde, Sasa Cagayan de Oro Visayas, Cebu, Tagbilaran Palawan, Puerto Princesa Batangas.