Lifelong Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Lifelong Learning - Essay Example H G Wells was correct when he said that 'the whole of human history is a battle between education and catastrophe' (cited in Fischer, 2000, p. 265). Those of us immersed in a lifelong learning culture can all sense that the new millennium brings with it the opportunity for a new beginning. But we can all see, as well, the scale of the task ahead just to make it happen, perhaps starting in our own communities and branching out from there with new understandings, new persuasions, new insights, new wisdom. Thanks to inter-governmental organizations-UNESCO, OECD, APEC, the Council of Europe, The European Commission and others - and some of the more enlightened liberal democracies, the lifelong learning movement is now rampaging around the whole world, from Europe to South Africa and from North America to Japan, like a benign educational plague. It is the future-and it is not before time. In Lifelong Learning, written 12 years ago, Longworth and Davies suggested eight reasons why lifelong learning is particularly appropriate for this age. But nine years is a long time in a lifelong learning world. While some are still as relevant as on the day they were written, it is time to update the rest to take into account the changes in the meanwhile: Fundamental global demographics-in the rich developed world, ageing, more mobile, more multicultural and multi-ethnic societies which could release high inter-racial and inter-generational social tensions and a reduced investment in welfare programmes through a fall in working, and an increase in retired, populations. By contrast, in the poorer parts of the world a massive population growth exacerbating already chronic shortages of resource and education and condemning vast numbers of people to live at subsistence level and below... The pervasive influence of television and the media on the development of peoples' thoughts, ideas and perceptions. Television has an enormously powerful effect on people. Where it is in the hands of those who would use it as an instrument of propaganda, whether raw or subtle, as happens in both poor and rich countries, it can be used to foster hatred and intolerance. Where it is used purely as an instrument of entertainment, it can, through trivialization and ignorance of real issues, have an equally insidious effect on the ability of people to make informed choices. As an occasional, independent, instrument of education it could be used to transform nations into dynamic, well-educated and flexible lifelong learning societies (Marsick, 1998, p. 119). Environmental imperatives - the depletion of the world's resources and the need for renewable energy, the destruction of ecosystems and the demand for sustainable development. There is a crucial need to educate continually all the world's people in environmental matters as a basis for the survival of species on earth and to be inventive and innovative about how environmental information is kept constantly in the forefront of popular consciousness. In other words, the need for a lifelong learning approach to a lifelong survival issue (Swedburg & Ostiguy 1998, p. 27). These are issues affecting every society and they propagate a view of lifelong learning as a global phenomenon, entirely consonant with the reality of governmental perceptions.

Why people supported Roosevelt in the 1932 election Essay Example for Free

Why people supported Roosevelt in the 1932 election Essay Use source A and your knowledge of the period to explain why people supported Roosevelt in the 1932 election. During the 1920s America was the most prosperous country in the world, throughout this period of prosperity the government in power was the republicans. The republican policy was basically non-involvement with the nation, allowing the rich to get rich, and the poor to get poorer. They continued with this policy even when Wall Street crashed in 1929, and (rather short-sightedly) went into the 1932 election with this policy. One of their slogans was that prosperity was just around the corner. People supported Roosevelt in the 1932 election, mainly because he was making it plain that their policy was to work with the main population of America. He said that he expected everyone to be as involved, and work as hard as if they were defending their country from attack, however in this war the enemy was depression. The republicans had a policy that expected prosperity to be easily attainable one of the reasons why the people supported Roosevelt was because promising the opposite. He not only had criticisms but also had solutions to the problems as well. Roosevelt used all the techniques possible to win votes. His speeches were effective and used catchy slogans like New Deal. He said popular things in his speeches, such as: I am waging war against Destruction, Delay, Deceit and Despair In this quote he could mean: Delay the continual delay of economical healing strategy employment. Deceit referring to the false republican claim that prosperity is just around the corner. Despair the way that the republicans had left the people of America in the cold by. And finally, Destruction the problem about loss of American pride. Speeches, like in all political campaigns, had a big part to play in winning votes. Roosevelt was a good speaker, and source A is a superb example of his brilliant speeches. He was telling the population what they wanted to hear. He was admitting that beating depression would be a difficult struggle, but he was up to it if they gave him the job. The way that he admitted it would be difficult made him appear humble, a quality that none of the other politicians had, it also made his objectives seem more realistic. When trying to win votes he was appealing to the ordinary person.

Edwin Hubble :: essays research papers fc

Edwin Hubble   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Edwin Powell Hubble was born on the 20th of November in 1889. He lived in Marshfield, Missouri along with his family. He was said to be a very tall, elegant, and athletic young man. Edwin had a mom, dad, three sisters, and two brothers. His mom and dad were named John Powell and Virginia James Hubble. His sisters were Virginia, Helen, and Lucy Lee. Edwin's two brothers were named Henry and William. William died as a student at a college in Wisconsin and Virginia died when she was a very young girl.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Edwin attended high school he got a scholarship to go to the University of Chicago, but, unfortunately he had to share the scholarship with another student. After a few years Edwin decided to try Queens College located in Oxford, but later went back to the University of Chicago for postgraduate work. Edwin, at age thirty, had an undergraduate degree in astronomy and mathematics, a legal degree as a Rhodes scholar, followed by a PhD in astronomy. Edwin Hubble originally started out as a lawyer. For one year he taught Spanish and mathematics for New Albany High School. He also coached a basketball team. The high school dedicated their yearbook to Edwin Hubble that year. Finally after teaching at the high school Edwin went to Yerkes Observatory to be an astronomer. He was the very first person to try a two hundred inch telescope. Edwin Hubble served for two years in the military. Edwin also served in WWI, and met the rank of a major. In 1919, for the rest of his life Edwin would go to and worked at Mount Wilson Observatory in California in.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Edwin Hubble had many great accomplishments as an astronomer in his lifetime. Some of Edwin Hubble's greatest accomplishments were: Edwin Hubble proposed a classification system for nebulae, which are fuzzy little patches of light that are up in the sky. He discovered a variable star, called the Cepheid. It is located in the Andromeda Nebulae. Edwin Hubble settled decisively the question of the nature of the galaxies. Edwin Hubble's distribution of galaxies was determined to be homogeneous in distance. Edwin wanted to classify the galaxies according to their content, distance, shape, and pattern of brightness. By observing redshifts Edwin saw that galaxies were moving away from each other at a rate constant to the distance between them (this is known as Hubble's Law).

“Eve’s Diary” by Mark Twain Essay

â€Å"Eve’s Diary† is a satirical account of the days in the Garden of Eden. Twain recounts the well-known tale of Genesis through a series of journal entries written by Adam and Eve; these personal accounts make for an entertaining and thought-provoking read. Twain’s personifications of gender stereotypes are easily identified but lead the reader into a further exploration of Twain’s deeper purpose. Twain’s writing style explicates the paradoxical relationship between men and women. Furthermore, Adam and Eve’s conflicting perspectives within the journal entries provide an illustration of their magnetic reliance on one another, despite their polar differences. The story begins with Eve on the day after her creation; Twain creates a tone of despair as Eve ponders her situation and existence. â€Å"That is what I AM-an experiment; just an experiment, and nothing more† (Twain 10). As Eve deducts that there must be a counterpart to her existence, her disposition abruptly changes from anguish to optimism. Through this character development, Twain portrays companionship as Eve’s salvation and furthermore, mocks the modern idea of the contingency of a woman’s survival on that of a man’s. Eve’s perception changes as abruptly as her disposition. Once her mind is at ease, she becomes conscious and appreciative of her surroundings. â€Å"This majestic new world is indeed a most noble and beautiful work. And certainly marvelously near to being perfect, notwithstanding the shortness of the time† (Twain 14). Twain uses Eve’s passionate and enthusiastic mentality as a personification of the model of femininity according to nineteenth century stereotypes. The diction and timing of Adam’s introduction exaggerates Eve’s naivety and sets a precedent for Twain’s exploration of their paradoxical relationship.  Eve’s entry reads, â€Å"All the week I tagged around after him and tried to get acquainted. I had to do the talking, because he was shy, but I didn’t mind it. He seemed pleased to have me around, and I used the sociable ‘we’ a good deal, because it seemed to flatter him to be included† (Twain 35). Though it is told from Eve’s perspective, Twain wants the reader to negate Eve’s idealization when reading of her interactions with Adam. When one does so, Adam’s annoyance with Eve is apparent. In addition, Twain makes a considerable effort to portray Adam as haughty, cynical, and drastically unattached in comparison to Eve; Twain uses Adam as a personification of stereotypical conception of masculinity. â€Å"During the last day or two I have taken all the work of naming things off his hands, and this has been a great relief to him, for he has no gift in that line, and is evidently very grateful† (Twain 178). If interpreted in the manner Twain intended, it is clear that Adam has no concern with naming the creatures and is equally indifferent towards Eve. Twain develops these satirical personifications even further to serve two slightly less superficial purposes. Twain uses these conceptions to delve into the profound relationship between men and women but also to denounce them through his diction. Twain’s defiance begins with his decision to give Eve, a woman, the predominant voice in the narrative. He shows further disregard for popular opinion when he tells of the creation of fire. â€Å"I had created something that didn’t exist before; I had added a new thing to the world’s uncountable properties; I realized this, and was proud of my achievement, and was going to run and find him and tell him about it, thinking to raise myself in his esteem-but I reflected, and did not do it. No-he would not care for it† (Twain 67). Twain’s decision to credit such a pivotal aspect of human survival to a woman exhibits either an immense reverence for women or a severe distain for unoriginal thought. Regardless, Twain’s upheaval of the hierarchy of traditional Western gender roles transcends time and leaves the reader to contemplate the validity of gender roles. Ursula LeGuin, a published and renowned author of short stories herself, discusses the prevalence of personification of stereotypical gender roles  within _Adam and Eve’s Diary_. LeGuin argues that Twain’s personifications of gender stereotypes are the most important aspect of any literally analysis of works by Mark Twain (LeGuin 32). Deviating slightly from the focus of LeGuin’s analysis, the most important purpose of â€Å"Eve’s Diary† to be the paradoxical relationship between men and women. As the journal progresses, so does the connection between Adam and Eve. Although their differences remain vast, Adam and Eve demonstrate a dynamic reliance on one another. They compliment one another in a sense of discord; their stereotypical personas seem to become less obtrusive as they grow together. Through Eve, Adam is humbled and learns to be appreciative and observant of his surroundings. Adam has a similar effect on Eve; her interest in aesthetics diminishes and while she remains optimistic, she is not so dangerously naà ¯ve. The story digresses to forty years later, with Adam at Eve’s grave. Adam’s eulogy for his lifeless wife is ingeniously engineered to resonate with nearly every reader. He says, â€Å"Wheresoever she was, THERE was Eden† (Twain 129). Adam, and therefore the male gender collectively, possessed a magnetic dependence on Eve that was as involuntary as the polar differences between the two. Twain accomplished a feat that the laws of nature could not; through â€Å"Adam and Eve’s Diary,† Twain provides an unprecedented look into why men and women attract in circumstances that should naturally repel them from one another. Works Cited LeGuin, Ursula K. Introduction. The Diaries of Adam and Eve. By Mark Twain. New York: Oxford UP, 1996. XXXI-XLI. Twain, Mark. _Adam and Eve’s Diary_ â€Å"Eve’s Diary, Complete.† Project Gutenburg. 14 June 2004. PDF iBook.

August Rush Themes Essay

â€Å"Music is all around; all you have to do is listen.† Quoted Evan Taylor in the ending scene of August Rush. August Rush was a boy who discovered the power of music in his journey to find his parents. His giftedness was a useful tool in his accomplishments, that can be seen throughout the movie. His giftedness did not guarantee success in that he would need the right resources, motivation, and a little hardwork obtain it. To begin with, giftedness can’t guarantee success, if the right resources are not available. Resources allow you to recognize your giftedness, so without them your giftedness is not recognized, and therefore, success is not obtainable. Resources are the key to success. The boys home that Evan Taylor lived in, before his removal, did not offer the resources for him to channel his giftedness. In August Rush, Evan Taylor was given many resources, after his removal from the boys’ home, in which he ended up in a church with a piano, a theatre full of street kid performers, and facing the opportunity to take classes at Julliard. The classes at Julliard enabled him to obtain the ability to compose a piece inspired by all the sounds he has heard and believes will lead him to his parents. At Julliard, August’s talent was truly acknowledged and set free, but it was first discovered when he encountered the street kids. With all these resources he was able to embrace his gift and share it with the world. The resources that he acquired on his journey prompted his growth in his naturally gifted music abilities. Secondly, guaranteed success from giftedness, I believe requires motivation. A person who seems to be naturally gifted cannot be guaranteed success, if they do not want success. A person who is naturally gifted and is motivated will achieve success because they want success. August Rush had motivation, so therefore he achieved success in the movie. His motivation was to find his parents, from whom he was disconnected 11 years ago, and that motivation enabled him to achieve his success. Motivation is a vital factor in all acts of achieving success. A lack of motivation also infers a lack of encourage and a lack of want for success. People who are not motivated do not normally achieve success. The road to success requires motivation to continue the journey. August’s motivation and longing to find his parents is what kept him going throughout the movie. Movitation is much needed is any other factor in achieving success. Lastly, giftedness is not automatically offer guaranteed success, but success does automatically offer guaranteed hard work. In my opinion, success cannot be achieved with only giftedness, it has to also be accompanied by hard work, motivation, and resources. Giftedness does not allow you to be lazy and achieve success that others, who are not gifted, work their hardest to obtain. Success does not come God-given, along with your God-given abilities. Even gifted people have to work towards success as those who have not been gifted. Being gifted allows you to understand concepts and learn new things faster than others, but does not guarantee you success. Success does not work in this way. Success can never be guaranteed if you are not willing to put in the hard work and effort for the long-haul. In conclusion, success is not automatically guaranteed through giftedness. Do not let your imagination run wild that giftedness is the free ticket to success because it most definitely is not. All success requires a little effort. Anything can be achieved with the right resources and a little hard work and motivation.

Free Essays on Tybalt Analysis

Although admirable qualities add to one’s life, they can often lead to their death. One such example of this occurs in William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet where we are introduced to Tybalt, a fiery and prideful young relative of the Capulet family. In the play, Tybalt is the instigator of a chain of reactions which change the course of this tragedy, sending it into a headlong collision with fate. Tybalt’s uncontrollable vengeance, skill as a fighter and sense of Capulet pride are admirable in their own ways, but lead Tybalt to his eventual death at the hands of Romeo. Are anger management classes a spoof? If there were not a real problem with anger, they would not exist. Let us just say that Tybalt never was able to complete his anger management classes, because it is evident he has trouble controlling his anger. Tybalt is first introduced at the Capulet party that Romeo has decided to attend without an invitation. When Tybalt first spots Romeo at his family’s party, he immediately races to Lord Capulet, who tries to calm Tybalt. Tybalt turns and addresses Lord Capulet: â€Å"But this intrusion shall, now seeming sweet, convert to bitt’rest gall.†(I, V, 92-93) Through this Tybalt cools down for the time being, but he has certainly not forgotten the intrusion. Another example of Tybalt’s vengeance is displayed in the third act. Mercutio is speaking with Benvolio, who says: â€Å"The Capels are abroad, and if we meet, we shall not ‘scape a brawl, for now, these hot days, is the mad blood stirring† (III, I, 3 -5). While Tybalt and some fellow Capulets are strolling around a public place, they spot Benvolio and Mercutio, two Montagues. Although Tybalt is really seeking Romeo, he strikes a â€Å"fight† up with Mercutio. As the â€Å"fight† carries on it becomes more intense until the climax, when Tybalt inadvertently stabs Mercutio in the stomach. What started as a comical joust ended in a death because of the inability of the ... Free Essays on Tybalt Analysis Free Essays on Tybalt Analysis Although admirable qualities add to one’s life, they can often lead to their death. One such example of this occurs in William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet where we are introduced to Tybalt, a fiery and prideful young relative of the Capulet family. In the play, Tybalt is the instigator of a chain of reactions which change the course of this tragedy, sending it into a headlong collision with fate. Tybalt’s uncontrollable vengeance, skill as a fighter and sense of Capulet pride are admirable in their own ways, but lead Tybalt to his eventual death at the hands of Romeo. Are anger management classes a spoof? If there were not a real problem with anger, they would not exist. Let us just say that Tybalt never was able to complete his anger management classes, because it is evident he has trouble controlling his anger. Tybalt is first introduced at the Capulet party that Romeo has decided to attend without an invitation. When Tybalt first spots Romeo at his family’s party, he immediately races to Lord Capulet, who tries to calm Tybalt. Tybalt turns and addresses Lord Capulet: â€Å"But this intrusion shall, now seeming sweet, convert to bitt’rest gall.†(I, V, 92-93) Through this Tybalt cools down for the time being, but he has certainly not forgotten the intrusion. Another example of Tybalt’s vengeance is displayed in the third act. Mercutio is speaking with Benvolio, who says: â€Å"The Capels are abroad, and if we meet, we shall not ‘scape a brawl, for now, these hot days, is the mad blood stirring† (III, I, 3 -5). While Tybalt and some fellow Capulets are strolling around a public place, they spot Benvolio and Mercutio, two Montagues. Although Tybalt is really seeking Romeo, he strikes a â€Å"fight† up with Mercutio. As the â€Å"fight† carries on it becomes more intense until the climax, when Tybalt inadvertently stabs Mercutio in the stomach. What started as a comical joust ended in a death because of the inability of the ...

6 Gift Ideas for Teachers

6 Gift Ideas for Teachers Schools have different policies about teacher gifts. In some schools, the parents association collects money and buys each teacher a gift, while in other schools, parents can give what they wish to teachers, administrators or to other staff. Some schools provide guidelines for parents to follow, while others leave this completely up to the students and their families. While there are urban legends (some of them true) about parents providing teachers with lavish presents and, more commonly, providing  college guidance officers with expensive gifts throughout the year, it is generally more suitable for parents to buy teachers gifts either during the winter holidays, during National Teacher Appreciation Week (which takes place in early May)  or at the end of the school year. While some families pride themselves on finding the perfect gift that suits a teachers personality, others opt for homemade gifts or treats, while others look for gifts that help the teachers in the classroom. Looking for some inspiration? Check out these teacher gift ideas:   Gift Cards If youre not sure what your teacher needs or wants as a gift, opt for a gift card. General gift cards to places like Amazon.com or Barnes Noble can be perfect. If you know your teachers favorite coffee shop, grab a gift card to his or her favorite shop. Dont fret over the amount, either, its the thought that counts. Books and Materials for the Classroom While many private schools are fortunate enough to have well-stocked libraries, teachers often compile lists of the books, DVDs, programs, or technology that they need in their classrooms that go above and beyond the annual budget. It may be a good idea to start with your schools librarian when looking to buy a teacher a gift, as the librarian may keep a list of what the teacher needs, including not only titles that relate to the teachers curriculum but also magazine subscriptions or DVDs that can support their teaching; you can also give gifts to the library to thank the deserving librarians. A technology teacher can let you know if your childs teacher or the tech department have specific requests for their classrooms. Well-Loved Books You can never go wrong with an extra hard-copy edition of an inspirational book or one that the teacher uses in the classroom. If you are looking for titles, you can start with the ten most commonly read books in private high schools, which often appear on school reading lists.   Movies About Teachers and Schools There are a number of movies about private schools that make good teacher gifts, including The Dead Poets Society (1989), The Emperors Club (2002), and the classic Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1939). Another great film about an English prep school is The History Boys (2006), based on a play by Alan Bennett. Its about a group of bright, outspoken boys at a provincial British high school who are coached to pass the written exams to get into Cambridge and Oxford by a set of eccentric faculty members. Though the movie takes place in Britain, the students and classroom discussions are similar to those at American private schools. Dessert and a Card Keep in mind that a cookie and a note go a long way. The best gifts I ever received as a teacher were thoughtful notes written by my students and their parents. I keep every single one of them, as do many of the teachers and faculty I know. One administrator I met even tacked every single thank-you note he had ever received to his bulletin board. He would look at these thoughtful notes on bad days. These notes are wonderful pick-me-ups and reminders to teachers why they do the hard work that they do all year. You can accompany the note with a coffee mug customized to the teachers interests (for example, featuring a writer or a mathematician), or you can use this baking website to make some cookies to go along with the note; nothing will be sweeter. Make a Donation to the School's Annual Fund This can be a great way for a family to show their appreciation for a teacher while benefitting the schools annual fund. Make a donation of any amount that you are able to make, and you can designate the gift to be in honor of one or more teachers. The development office will usually send a note to the teachers letting them know that a gift was made in their honor, but you can also send a note stating that youve done this simple act. Your gift to the Annual Fund will be put towards the general budget which benefits all aspects of the school, enhancing the experience for your child and his or her teachers.

Explaining the Explanation Regarding than he

Explaining the Explanation Regarding than he Explaining the Explanation Regarding than he Explaining the Explanation Regarding than he By Maeve Maddox My post about the use of than as a preposition left a reader wondering about some of the grammatical terms used in the explanation: I’m†¦a bit unsure about the terms ‘demonstrative pronoun’, ‘conjunction’ and ‘preposition’ in this context. Could you please explain this a little more? The terms being asked about are from this statement: The OED has listings for than as a demonstrative pronoun and as a conjunction, but not as a preposition. However, it does include a note about the use of than as a preposition and states that this use â€Å"is now considered incorrect.† demonstrative pronoun English has four demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, and those. Like any pronoun, a demonstrative pronoun stands for a noun. At the same time, it serves to point out or separate the noun it stands for from other objects: This is the one I meant. Those are yours. May I have these? Give me that! The OED entry for than as a demonstrative pronoun documents an obsolete use in which than was used where we now use that. preposition English has many prepositions. They are those little words that show a connection of some sort between a noun that follows it and another word in the sentence: That is the pen of my aunt. The preposition of relates aunt to pen, indicating ownership. The cat sat on the mat. The preposition on relates mat to sat, indicating a spatial relationship. The noun that follows a preposition is said to be governed by it. I sat by my father. The noun father is governed by the preposition by. When the word governed is a pronoun, the pronoun will be in the objective case: I sat by him. Him is the object form of he. conjunction Conjunctions are used to connect clauses or sentences: You may go with your friends after you have finished your homework. After is a conjunction introducing the second clause which tells when about the verb may go in the main clause. Conjunctions are used to co-ordinate words in the same clause: Take your books and your papers. And joins book and papers, words of equal importance. The conjunction than is used to introduce comparative clauses. The problem in the than he/than him controversy is that the second clause often remains unexpressed: Charlie is taller than I. You are kinder than he. English speakers of a certain age have learned to provide the missing clause mentally: Charlie is taller than I [am tall]. You are kinder than he [is kind]. Reader Rob Baker defends the use of the object form him after than in certain contexts: Sometimes than him is correct: She likes Johnny Depp more than  he (does). She likes Johnny Depp more than  him (more than she likes him). This is a valid defense of than him. However, the correctness of the second example depends entirely upon context. The speakers meaning of the him would be clear enough in conversation, but in writing, it would be ambiguous. It would also sound like nonstandard English. Another reader, Gloson, offers this suggestion: Just don’t use â€Å"than he† or â€Å"than him†. Simply just use â€Å"than he is†. This is sound advice. In writing especially, if a few extra words are needed to make ones meaning clear, why not use them? For example, the ambiguity of She likes Johnny Depp better than him, can be avoided by being specific: She likes Johnny Depp better than she likes Orlando Bloom. The fact that this is my second post to include a discussion of than he vs than him should be a clue that this distinction is in the process of breaking down. Until than/him becomes universally acceptable, writers are wise to consider their audience before following the conjunction than with an object pronoun. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Signs and Symbols You Should Know75 Synonyms for â€Å"Talk†"To Tide You Over"

Geography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Geography - Essay Example The religious aspect does not play a big part, despite members of each side being Islamic, Christian, or other religious beliefs. It is a war between the Arab and non-Arab groups. The conflict in the Sudan has been raging for years. The Afro-Arab factions along with the Sudenese government to conquer a new rebel groups in Dafar called Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) which are made up of non-Arab Muslims. Both factions are black. The Sudanese government which is Arab has been targeting non-Arabic Africans for years. However when the SLM and JEM started fighting back the bloodshed intensified. The Sudanese government has not entered into the fight directly, but has funded the Janjaweed. The Janjaweed is considered a terrorist group in the West. Accusations of genocide have been directed at the Janjaweed. Due to the Sudanese government support of the Janjaweed, not much has been done to rectify the situation. The skirmishes and killing continue despite peace treaties and ongoing talks. Arabic Muslims believe that non-Arabic Africans is inferior to them. They believe that all ‘black’ non-Arabic Africans should be slaves. This history goes back to Arabic Muslims selling non-Arabic Muslims and non-Muslims to slave traders. Although the Arabic faction of the Sudan is lighter than the non-Arabic faction, both are still black. The Arabic faction does not see the darker non-Arabic as the same color or race. The darker Africans are inferior and meant to be slaves. As mentioned before religion does not play a big factor in this conflict. Going back to the slave trade days, the non-Arabic people were sold into slavery even if they were Muslim. Alex Hailey’s ancestor in Roots was a devout Muslim. However due to the color of his skin, Kunta Kinte was captured and sold to slave traders. He did not understand why men the same color as him could sell a brother into

Marketing, Entertainment Business Management Essay

Marketing, Entertainment Business Management - Essay Example Our competitors are the other independent labels showcasing group band music. Nevertheless, we believe that by concentrating on San Francisco bands we will gain a reputation of releasing the best artists in this genre and help the Bay Area gain a reputation for this style of music. We will price our CDs at 10 percent below the prices of the major distribution companies such as Universal Records. This will be our strategy in order to penetrate the market and gain exposure among our youth target consumers who are generally price sensitive. We plan to initially sign three bands in our first month of operations. We plan to market the first CD release by gradually expanding distribution in the Bay Area region for at least 3 straight months, or until our three bands’ sales, publicity and promotional activities have been coordinated. We plan to build our business in the initial year to earn around $100,000 in annual revenues. Our music distribution company  strives to be the market leader in providing  talent management services to new and independent bands in San Francisco. Our goal is to make the connection between the independent band talents in San Francisco and the fans, increasing the talents’ visibility and earnings with CD or individual track sales. Our goal is to discover independent band talents in San Francisco. We will approach bands who have the potential to become successful artists, by offering our music distribution services to them. Our plan is to grow the company in the first 2 years to bring in around $100,000 in yearly sales by the end of our second year in business. We will reach our target customers of late teens to early twenties, who prefer band music, by distributing the CD records through smaller record distributors and music retailers. Our main goal is to discover independent band group talents in San Francisco by scouting at local shows and performances by musicians, and the Internet such as You Tube and My Space. We will approach

English - Tennesse Williams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

English - Tennesse Williams - Essay Example The spiritual needs of an individual, as well as his moral principles and inner believes are relevant to this talented playwright. The most impressive characters of his plays are Maggie from  Cat on a Hot Tin Roof  and the character of Stanley Kowalski from the play A Streetcar Named Desire (Gross, 2002). Williams made an emphasis on the necessity to explore the inner word of people. All misfortunes come from human misunderstanding. This was his main claim and in such a way, there is a possible way to prevent blindness in the hearts of people in case they live in mutual understanding. He became popular in 1927, but his career was often criticized by his father, who worked at the international shoe company (Rogal, 1987). The prototypes of his main characters were taken from his life experience and his work at the International Company as well (September. On Stage, 1994). Williams is a deep and a profound philosopher and a psychologist of human souls. The best play was published in 1944 and it The Glass Menagerie. This play is referred to as the playwright's personal experience (Wolter, 1995). Williams had a strong-willed mother, who even allowed making a lobotomy to his sister Rose. Thus, Williams converges his life with his plays and mergers his plays with his life. That is his power. The Pulitzer Prize was acknowledged to him in 1948 for  A Streetcar Named Desire (Dowling, 1981). ... During the period of his depression he struggled with his drug and alcohol addiction. Like every talented man, he was searching for inspiration and his muse. Therefore, the plays of the playwright are full of in-depth considerations about the inner world of an individual. They are focused on negative sides of a human nature. The author thinks that in negative emotions an individual is able to perceive an outer world and his inner world better. His main characters experience degradation, moral challenges, problems of an individual’s choice and many other dramatic issues. His plays may be described as nightmares, because the author is not shy to depict the negative and destructing side of a human nature. His own anxieties are projected on his plays. Therefore, Williams considers emotions to be an integrative part of a human life. Emotions are fragile for him and there is a need to concentrate on them in order to perceive the essence of emotions and penetrate into the depths of a n individual’s inner world. Moreover, Williams underlined the privacy of emotions and there is a cruel outside world, where all people live. He often associated main characters of his plays with animals in order to show their emotions in a more acute manner. Animals are unable to analyze their emotions, but feel deep, as well as people do. Therefore, is not it surprising that all human beings are self-concentrated, but their selfish emotions contribute much to their self-analysis. Another interesting note to be made about Williams is to determine the role emotions played in his life. His family created a favorable atmosphere for his growing up and he was able to focus on his inner world and not on external turmoil. That is why Williams feels a nature of men and women, depicted in his plays

Interpretation and Analysis of the essay From hope to Hopelessness by

Interpretation and Analysis of the From hope to Hopelessness by Margaret Wheatly - Essay Example is will also focus on the techniques that Wheatley employs as a function of delivering her method and whether or not these techniques are successful or not. Finally, the response piece will focus on how the essay made this student feel after reading it. Accordingly, it is the hope of this student that the forthcoming analysis will not only provide something of a personal take with respect to Margaret Wheatley’s work, it is my further hope that the reader will come to gain a more informed understanding for the tactics and approach that Wheatley uses to engage the reader. The first strategy that Wheatley employs is with respect to providing a pathos filled introduction that discusses the level of depression and hopelessness that she has been feeling with regard to the state of the current world. Referencing the human brutality, environmental destruction, and lack of vision for the way in which these issues might be addressed, Wheatley confesses that she battles with depression at the specter of these issues and how they impact upon her and the remainder of the human race. This is an especially interesting and effective approach to the issues at hand. The underlying reason for this has to do with the fact that Wheatley engages the reader in an understanding of the issues that have driven her to write the piece, encourages a degree of empathy from the reader, and then expands the need for discussion based upon the fact that these very same issues affect almost each and every stakeholder on the planet equally. The rhetorical strength of the introductory paragraphs is also important to note; due in part to the fact that it is within these paragraphs that Wheatley raises the key questions she will go about answering during the course of the remainder of the essay. For instance, the question of whether fighting hopelessness is a worthy human goal, whether human labor means anything, and whether or not action or inaction ultimately rank the same are all briefly

The Approach of the Law Lords Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Approach of the Law Lords - Essay Example When it is impossible to interpret the legislation in a manner that complies with the ECHR, the domestic court must come up with a â€Å"Declaration of Incompatibility†. The point of departure into the enquiry as to whether the Law Lords are now made to legislate human rights is the provision in the Human Rights Act 1998, Section 3 of which reads as follows: â€Å"So far as possible to do so, primary legislation and secondary legislation should be read and given effect in a way which is compatible with Convention rights.† By Convention Rights, one refers to the European Convention on Human Rights, to which the United Kingdom is bound. The crux of the debate is this: does this provision now radically alter the power of Judges, such that they may now effectively ‘legislate’ human rights through interpretation of acts of Parliament? If so, is this change for better or for worse? Observers have noted that â€Å"stocktaking rather than definitive appraisal† (Bonner, et. al., 2003: 549) may be more prudent, given the evolving picture. This paper first looks at the background of Section 3 and how this Section has been developed and crystallised in jurisprudence. After which, this paper shall also argue that this is in consistent with the international obligations of the United Kingdom. Finally, it shall make the argument that the effects of Section 3 is more beneficial than detrimental, in that it establishes with greater certainty the separation between the legislature and the judiciary – a move that complements the recent creation of the Supreme Court as an appellate tribunal over the Law Lords. The main critique, to err on the side of oversimplicity, of those who argue that the Section 3 of the Human Rights Act 1998 is too radical an alteration of the power of judges is that human rights policy in the country will be in the hands of a group of people who were not elected through democratic elections. On the other hand, those who argue for the Human Rights Act, and consequently, the European Convention on Human Rights, state that the imperatives of human rights and justice demand that Parliamentary acts be constantly checked and balanced. Indeed, the requirements of modern governance make it necessary that the branches of government are not given unfettered power and discretion. It goes without saying, for instance, that considerations of peace and order must be weighed against the sacrosanct principles of civil liberties and personal freedoms. Statutory construction Jurisprudence has spoken richly on how to proceed with interpreting legislation in harmony with Article 3. First, it is important to identify the specific statutory provision that is in contravention with the rights under the Human Rights Act (see the case of R v A (No. 2) [2002] 1 AC 45 ). After which, the Court must determine whether or not there is a breach of Convention rights (see the case of Poplar Housing Association v Donaghue [2002 ] QB 48 para 5). The court is then charged with the duty of identifying possible meanings means within the legislation. Jepson states that there are two principal ways by which the

Interpretation and Analysis of the essay From hope to Hopelessness by

Interpretation and Analysis of the From hope to Hopelessness by Margaret Wheatly - Essay Example is will also focus on the techniques that Wheatley employs as a function of delivering her method and whether or not these techniques are successful or not. Finally, the response piece will focus on how the essay made this student feel after reading it. Accordingly, it is the hope of this student that the forthcoming analysis will not only provide something of a personal take with respect to Margaret Wheatley’s work, it is my further hope that the reader will come to gain a more informed understanding for the tactics and approach that Wheatley uses to engage the reader. The first strategy that Wheatley employs is with respect to providing a pathos filled introduction that discusses the level of depression and hopelessness that she has been feeling with regard to the state of the current world. Referencing the human brutality, environmental destruction, and lack of vision for the way in which these issues might be addressed, Wheatley confesses that she battles with depression at the specter of these issues and how they impact upon her and the remainder of the human race. This is an especially interesting and effective approach to the issues at hand. The underlying reason for this has to do with the fact that Wheatley engages the reader in an understanding of the issues that have driven her to write the piece, encourages a degree of empathy from the reader, and then expands the need for discussion based upon the fact that these very same issues affect almost each and every stakeholder on the planet equally. The rhetorical strength of the introductory paragraphs is also important to note; due in part to the fact that it is within these paragraphs that Wheatley raises the key questions she will go about answering during the course of the remainder of the essay. For instance, the question of whether fighting hopelessness is a worthy human goal, whether human labor means anything, and whether or not action or inaction ultimately rank the same are all briefly

The Theories of Thomas Hobbes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Theories of Thomas Hobbes - Essay Example Talking about Hobbes’s state of equality, he strongly believed that we as human tend to be very watchful of the differences that lie between all individuals: differences that distinguish the diverse individuals from each other. For example he said that some of us tend to perceive others as smarter or wiser than ourselves, however, what we fail to take into account is that the bulk of the people around us are more or less the same as ourselves, particularly in thought. Such was the way in which Hobbes defined equality of human nature, that given a particular situation many of the individuals would react to it much in the same way. Moreover, Hobbes felt that all human beings were materialistic beings, motivated by nothing so much as they are motivated by self-interest, thus the term egoism (Clarke, 1995). This self-interest which dominates human nature in Hobbes’s point of view is the root cause of all chaos and anarchy that has ever prevailed throughout human history. Hobbes believed that if ever in a dilemma, an individual will always choose the alternative which benefits him the most, irrespective the extent of damage that it may cause to anyone else. This egoism of man never allows him to be content with what he has. Rather it requires him to constantly desire more and more power than he already has. Consequently, Hobbes described his â€Å"State of Nature,† which was from the nature made by God as one would normally expect it to be. The Hobbes's State of Nature is one which any known State can undergo at a time of absolute chaos and anarchy.

Environmental analysis Essay Example for Free

Environmental analysis Essay Rivalry Competition in the US video rental industry is fierce. There are actually several different segments of players within the industry, like rentals who establish physical store locations and rentals who serve mail-orders, but these different segments are competing to gain the same market share. Blockbuster reveled that the business actually has a small profit margin, due to the high cost of building and equipment maintenance. Furthermore, the movie rental industry has a stagnant market condition, or in simple words, the market does not reveal any meaningful growth within the years. This means the only way to grow is by taking away a piece of competitors’ market share. Thus, competition is s serious issue for Blockbuster because in one hand, the company cannot afford to loose more market share due to its minimum profit margin, and in the other hand, Blockbuster would also need to experience some kind of revenue growth. Ironically, competitors of Blockbuster also possess the same obsession. As a result, price war is the only way to determine which player would lead the market. Unfortunately, most of the players in the industry has already sustain heavy operational and maintenance that they cannot afford to reduce rental prices. In addition, most of these players have also minimum promotion budget because of the small profit margin. Today, competition industry enters a stage where all the players are stagnant in most of its departments (Brem, 2002). Not all movie rental industry can survive in a long term, especially if the industry is online. With the recent tightening in the market, some executive and investor are challenging Blockbuster.com to show some results: higher revenues, more customers, perhaps even a profit. This is should become tough news for Blockbuster. com who have spent most of their money on expensive advertisements, PR campaigns, or websites that look attractive. The full integration of Blockbuster. com online and in-store programs planned for next year will enable them to provide their customers, young and old, with unmatched convenience, service, selection and value. If a customer is in their store and wants to return a movie they rented online, Blockbuster.com will be able to accommodate them. If a member rents primarily in-store, but wants a hard-to-find title Blockbuster. com does not typically carry in store, they will be able to go online and get it. It is a matter of maximizing convenience and choice (â€Å"About Blockbuster. com†, 2006). Blockbuster has not been watching these developments lazily. It has launched its own online rental service in response to the competition, despite the set-up costs and the fact that it could take revenue away from its retail operation. It has also introduced a number of initiatives, such as a part-exchange deal on VHS tapes, and is currently exploring offering an in-store download service. †¢ Buyer Power Due to the stagnant market and the need for huge economies of scale to reach profit, buyers of the video rental industry has quite an influential power. In a nutshell, by choosing to go to which rentals, buyers will determine which one will reach profit within the financial period and which one will fall below targets. The increasing use of Internet becomes the power of buyers that soon force Blockbuster to provide online services. To change itself from a zone of movie rental store into an â€Å"anywhere-anytime† entertainment destination that eventually will enable customers to rent, buy or trade movies and games, new or used, in-store and online, Blockbuster initiatives to continues their accomplishment as the online rental service company (â€Å"Blockbuster goes broadband, streams movies to TV†, 2001). Blockbuster. com becomes the business through information technology (I. T. ) marketing. Because of the online marketing Blockbuster can live and breathe. They can get more competitive, lower their costs, and provide better service through continuous improvement of the I. T. marketing (â€Å"BBI: Profile for BLOCKBUSTER INC. †, 2006). However, as online retail, marketing efforts of Blockbuster. com could be even more effective if they asked the consumer for a dash of personal information. So far, businesses were hoping that personalization technology would serve as the equivalent of a best friend who just happened to have all the same tastes in products and services. More consumers are choosing to rent online, which has no late fees and have the movies mailed to them. It makes Blockbuster. com has increased their membership (â€Å"Blockbuster goes broadband, streams movies to TV†, 2001). The only way for movie-rental stores to continue operations is to rise to the challenge and shift their business model to stay practical. To develop a substantial share of the online rental business by the end of next year, Blockbuster. com is providing rental plan and their practical understanding marketing. It should help Blockbuster. com to be more successful in the next period. Movie distributors and the large chains, such as Blockbuster, Inc.directly negotiate revenue-sharing agreements covering most titles distributed by the upstream (â€Å"BBI: Profile for BLOCKBUSTER INC. †, 2006). Personalization and community features are very important. Blockbuster. com should allow film fans to rate films and write reviews to help inform other users. In addition, Blockbuster. com need to have a management team with bags of expertise, which they believe differentiates us from the competition. †¢ Supplier Power Suppliers of the industry generally have little power over the Blockbuster. The prices of inputs are nearly identical for most suppliers and there is no price discrimination because of the widely available substitutes. †¢ Threats of Substitutes The video rental industry is actually facing quite significant threats from various substitutes. Examples of substitutes are: pay-per-view, video-on-demand, streaming on-line videos, etc. All of these alternatives are delivering the same product in a quite similar quality, which means that they contribute notably to the tension within the video rental industry (‘Videotape Rental’, 2004). Barriers of EntryAnalysis of the industry indicated that Blockbuster is actually enjoying significant level of entry barriers. First, as mentioned earlier, the industry generally has a small profit margin, which means that a huge economic of scale is required to create a profitable business. This is caused by the high operational and maintenance costs, profit sharing agreement with studios, etc. Second, Blockbuster enjoyed a positive image due to its long-time presence and its popularity within the US market. Both of these factors ensured the triumph of Blockbuster against any newcomer. Most of these conditions however, are now becoming obsolete. This is true partly due to the presence of internet. As internet shopping becomes more popular, mail-order rentals like Netflix gain notable attention from the market. In addition, Blockbuster made the mistake of not providing enough copies of popular and recent movies, which ultimately get customers to think of going to alternative rentals. Another factor that reduces the entry barrier is the popularity of DCDs over the old VHS which no longer require negotiating revenue gain agreements with studios (Brem, 2002; Wagner, 2003).

A study on narrative therapy being emotionally focused

A study on narrative therapy being emotionally focused When one imagines a spouse coming home from work there is usually a question asked in the scenario, how was your day? Now in the household I grew up that question was usually responded to with a story or anecdote as oppose to a simple fine or bad. My family has always been emotionally open, but generally withdrawn from using the emotion words like happy or sad instead explaining their days through the events. I think that narrative therapy has much potential to be emotionally focused, and still accept the social constructs we all are inundated with from birth. In many ways narrative therapy celebrates life as two stories intertwine with one another and the therapist is not the expert, but an interested collaborator. Rather than look for pathology or flawed functioning couples the therapist works to develop awareness of problematic discourse and offer couple the opportunity to describe and evaluate the effects of those discourses on their relationship. (Freedman Combs, 2008) I full-heartedly agree with narrative therapies take on goal setting. By being too specific in any goals life possibilities are eliminated and single-mindedness tends to reign supreme in ones mind. Life has a fluidity that presents and eliminates obstacles. Goals do not always account for these variations. The goal setting of narrative therapy is to help the narrative remain fluid from moment to moment and what positive emotions can be reached. (Freedman Combs, 2008) I think that objectivity is a key component to solving dysfunction and once two people become too enmeshed in a conflict, objectivity disappears. Working with narratives is an excellent way to separate oneself from a conflict and see a perspective without as much irrationality. The couple in the provided scenario is losing objectivity in their current worldview of soon to be married professionals. Narrative therapy is not a concrete process with a list of events that have to occur before the next step can occur. It is a more cyclical process that allows the therapist and couple the ability to move back and forth between the processed goals. That does not mean a regression in thinking will not happen, but narrative therapy is based on building forward a story that has its own ebbs and flows. It is the role of the therapist to guide and advise the client in ways to construct the narrative. (Brimhall, Gardner, Heline, 2003) I thought of narrative therapy when I started thinking about the couple in the scenario, because with only three months before the wedding I feel that constructing a narrative would work with the time period available. Narrative therapy has a free structure that has a distinct jumping off point, but overall a structure that has chapters that include emotions one can return to. I would personally be weary of how many sessions I would be able to have with this couple with their wedding being so close. The first thing to do in the initial session and assessment with the couple in the scenario is have them identify their problem. Ask them to give a name to the problem, associate the emotions with the problem, and identify the alteration in each member of the couples lives and relationships due to the problem. The couple stated that the problem is constantly getting into fights and cannot discuss anything without being angry and defensive. For the sake of brevity the problem will be shortened to fighting. The next thing is to construct the narrative that leads up to the anger, fights, and defensiveness. While the narrative approach is based on the clients being the experts on their own lives, a therapist must still assess disorders, dysfunctions, and negative thoughts. The therapist is also responsible for making the dialogue progress so that all the necessary emotions and cognitions about the relationship emerge. It is easy to see one side of the couple dominate the narrative. Each member of the couple should have equal time to present their own narrative and the therapist should make sure of this. One member of the couple tells his or her narrative of the relationship to the therapist while the other partner listens. The therapist reiterates it back to make sure everything is clear. This gives the therapist the chance to reframe the narrative structure and encourages the listening partner to understand the narrative from an objective viewpoint. Then the same process happens with the other partner. Each partner must feel that their own story has been heard. One partner should not dominate the session. After each partner has shared his narrative then the therapist has a clear vision of all the problems which in this couples case are anger and defensiveness. Ultimately, I think there should be a completely shared narrative also, but that is idealistic. The couple spins the narrative in the sessions a greater understanding of the relationship between couple and problem presented in the narrative. By mapping the influence understanding of the problem a therapist can begin to trace back where and when the fighting started. (Corey, 2009) This couple does not have an enormous history of fighting, so the historical precedent can be traced to an origin point. I would also work on preferred points in the relationship. Both members of the couple could benefit from positivity with questions such as what initially attracted you two to one another? What kinds of things do you like to do together? What do you most appreciate about your partner? Exploring the narratives of the successful times of the couples relationship can be just as much a positive benefit as looking at their problems. The therapist can begin to see the patterns that emerge in each narrative where the named problem is present. From this point, hopefully with rapport built, it will be time to start externalizing the narrative the couple has presented. Externalization means a new and more objective perspective and the ability to re-author the narrative into alternative meanings. The externalization of conversations is the key to an objective attitude when in an emotionally charged situation. Part of externalization is the need to know their relationship with the problem. How does the fighting start? What makes the fighting worse? What makes the fighting stop? These are all questions each partner should address when looking at the relationship with the problem. There is a very good chance that the couple will each have their own answers to these fighting relationship questions, but it is of the utmost importance to note both partners have a relationship with the problem. (Freedman Combs, 2008) The co uple should then start seeing each others narratives and the attached emotions. It is really important to monitor each clients emotions and follow them up with additional emotionally focused questions. Just because the couple has a better emotional understanding does not mean hurt feelings and negativity cannot appear, especially in early stages. If needed returning to positive questioning and the preferred time could be part of the strategy. The next step is the search for unique outcomes. This is to search for moments during the problem that point to success regarding the problem. (Corey, 2009) What are the exceptions to the problem? I like to think of the lessons learned of unique outcomes is like capturing lightning in a bottle. Is there anything that this couple can do to recreate the incident that stopped the fighting? These unique outcomes often are accompanied by events that cannot be recreated. When that unique outcome is found a new story can be formed. With this unique outcome solutions are starting to materialize amongst the couple. More history should be evaluated amongst the clients. After restructuring clients start determining the pattern of negativity and they have the ability to team-up against the problem that is sabotaging their relationship. (Johnson, 2004) It is important to see all members of the counseling party united against a common goal now. After progress with the couple and successful externalization of narratives the couple will talk directly to each other instead of dialogue being filtered through the therapist. The therapist still acts as the guide and monitors the dialogue to avoid or counter-act the relational problems and the regressions from the prefered story. Hopefully, the couple has moved past the strict turn based structure initially presented amongst the first sessions, but still respects each others dialogue. (Brimhall, Gardner, Heline, 2003) With the scenarios couple the therapist has to monitor awareness of anger and defensiveness and point out the problem when it arises. When a couple is aware of the path their narrative is takin g they actively try to avoid the problem and restructure the dialogue of the narrative. The therapist is trying to pursue unconditional positive regard between the partners without having them discount their emotions. After they have finished the therapist guided sessions the clients should have created a mutual preferred narrative and start complete non-turn based dialogue based on a solution focused result. The positive regard is more apparent in the couple and they are able to focus on unique outcomes.The couple now has new interactions and alternative stories. The couple is in the last stages of their therapy and have an awareness of their problems and strategies for coping with regression back into the problem. The narrative is now ready to be solidified. This stage is close to termination with the couple. The couple now has a unique preferred narrative that both partners have contributed to. This story contains positive outlooks and more objective views. This concrete preferred narrative is also fused with positive emotions and noticeable cooperation attacking the problem from both partners. Bringing in an outside party to share the completion of the new narrative is an improtant activity for the client to participate in. This shows the client has completed a goal. I believe external validation away from therapy couch is necessary to promote growth in any problems, whether individual, conjoint, or group. This demonstrates self-confidence in the client as well and shows they are self-reliant when facing their problems. (Brimhall, Gardner, Heline, 2003) The only step left for the couple now is to prepare for the future. The couple can now circumvent their problems of anger, defensiveness, and can use externalizing questions to explore emotions and attain an objective perspective on their problems. There are steps that this couple learned that they can use for the rest of their relationship. The theory of narrative couples therapy has many diverse skills a couple can learn to help them through relationship problems and prepare them for the future. The therapist can combine many aspects of different theories in narrative, including emotionally focused therapy so they can attack client problem from many different angles.

Hamlet Act III Sc iii Essay -- Essays Papers

Hamlet Act III Sc iii This scene is a dramatic peak in which both Claudius and Hamlet acknowledge their respective dilemmas. The King faces the question of how to repent and so save himself, at least, from spiritual damnation. Hamlet’s theological problem with killing Claudius becomes yet another hurdle and he becomes increasingly trapped by his own indecision. Claudius makes his first admission of regicide in this soliloquy. He uses disease imagery, continuing the motif, heightening our awareness of the terrible thing he has done. The King refers to the ‘primal eldest curse’, an allusion to the Biblical story of Cain and Abel. This parallel is apt, not only because they were brothers, it represents a terrible sin against God -- in this case because the natural order has been violated. There is no evidence to suggest Claudius was particularly pious prior to this crime, but the need for Grace in the eyes of God would have been very important to him. Ironically he is unable to pray, for forgiveness, because his ‘stronger guilt defeats my [Claudius’] strong intent’. His intent could also be his original desire for kingship, meaning that his guilt is so severe he can’t appreciate the rewards. Curiously the strength of his language, regarding his crime, is only matched by Hamlet. Claudius is under pressure, both from his conscience and Hamlet’s cloak of madness which threatens to unmask him. Just prior to this soliloquy he was arranging for the removal of Hamlet to England...

On the Size and Nature of the American Republic

After the American Revolution, a great debate ensued over the size and nature of the proposed American Republic. There were those who stressed a small republic constituted by 13 confederated states. There were also political thinkers who sought the establishment of a large, heterogeneous republic (comprised of different classes of people with different interests). To differentiate the specifics of the two contending views, there is a need to examine two prominent American figures who represented the differing views. Brutus represented those who want to establish a small confederated republic.James Madison represented the other group. Brutus on the Size of the American Republic For Brutus, a free republic would be unsuccessful if it was of immense extent (both geographically and politically). The increasing number of inhabitants as well as the increasing needs of a large republic put strains on the government. The consequence for him was clear: such large republic would, in time, fall to anarchy. He cited the argument of baron de Montesquieu as the basis of his view: â€Å"It is natural to a republic to have a small territory, otherwise it cannot lone subsist.In a large republic there are men of large fortunes, and consequently of less moderation; there are trusts too great to be placed in any single subject; he has interest of his own; he soon begins to think that he may be happy, great and glorious, by oppressing his fellow citizens; and that he may raise himself to grandeur on the ruins of his country†. For Brutus, the establishment of a large republic inevitably results to the concentration of power and wealth to the hands of the few. Because moderation is more or less absent in these people, their power and wealth are used to oppress the people.As time progresses, the oppression becomes more and more manifested in the deteriorating conditions of the people. The republic will soon bow to the power of the ruling and oppressive class of citizens. In add ition, because of the immense extent of the republic, the needs and demands (and dreams) of the people are lost in the myriads of a thousand interests. Some needs and views are sacrificed to the so-called â€Å"general will† which for Brutus was a vague concept. The negotiation of interests becomes a battle for power or authority.Those who occupy a significant position in government (or those who have contacts in the government) will have their views and interests magnified in the halls of the legislative branch. Thus, the true needs of the people are easily distorted. In addition, if the republic is small, the public good is easier taken into account by the government. It is easily comprehended by every citizen (subject to criticism). The interests, then, of the people are better protected because the abuses are of insignificant nature.Brutus cited the case of the Grecian and Roman republics as examples to strengthen his argument. In the beginning, these republics were of sm all size. Their governments were simple but democratic in form. Every need and view of citizens was taken into account, making governance a matter of citizen consent. In due time, however, these republics expanded their domains. Rome, for example, acquired territories from several wars against Carthage and some Asian kingdoms. The result was: their governments transformed from that of free government to those of tyrannical (and abusive) ones.Brutus on Authority The construction of a tyrannical government, with supreme authority vested on one person, would inevitably result to the destruction of the peoples’ authority. The people would not be able to exercise their rights and duties. They would not be able to force the government to account for its misdeeds. Public accountability would vanish; the person in power would project himself as an infallible leader, incapable of committing any mistakes while in office. Thus, the large republic would crumble.The remnants of democracy, made significant in democratic institutions, would vanish from history. The restoration of democracy, for Brutus, would be achieved through another bloody revolution, much greater in extent than the previous one. Brutus on Homogeneity With regard to homogeneity, in a free republic, â€Å"the manners, sentiments, and interests of the people should be similar†. If such was not the case, clashes would be unending. Antagonisms would develop among groups of people competing for power and wealth.This would inevitably result to the malfunctioning of the government. It would not be able to serve the people in its true capacity. The deadlock among competing groups would necessitate again the establishment of a despotic government, to which no citizen would proscribe to. Basis on Human Nature Thus, because the climate (social, political, and economic situation of states) of the United States was varied, there was a need to establish confederated states, governed by a nominal federal h ead of state.Here were the things that Brutus considered: 1) the interests of the states (correspondingly its people) were largely varied, 2) the customs and traditions of the states also varied, and 3) the states had differing opinions of the nature and extent of the proposed American republic. These considerations, for Brutus, were enough to justify the establishment of a small republic, for heterogeneous and discordant principles were clearly present. Brutus Fears on Some Provisions in the US Constitutions Brutus was well aware of some provisions in the US Constitutions which called for the establishment of a large republic.For example, the vesting of the power to draw and approve treaties on the president and the senate was an incursion to the rights of the states to determine foreign policies. The drawing of foreign policies of supra-legislative bodies was a characterization of legislative tyrannies (as in the case of France). The status of the president as commander in chief o f the armed forces was also questioned by Brutus. If the president held the power to unquestionably command the army, then there was a high chance that he would use it to maintain his position.For Brutus, these powers of the â€Å"national government† were vestiges of tyrannical governments; governments established to preserve order to a large state. Madison on the Size of the American Republic Before Madison presented his arguments as to the proper size and nature of the American Republic, he drew a sharp distinction between a democracy and a republic. Democracy is a state governed by direct democracy; that is, the decisions of the government are directed by the people. Its actions are based on the needs and demands of the sovereign will of the citizens.Thus, every citizen is required to participate in the affairs of the state. Political participation is therefore maximized in democracies. A republic, on the other hand, is characterized by the delegation or representation of the will of the people to elected delegates. The election of delegates will allow the people to choose the person who can best discern the public good. In addition, a large republic will usually offer the citizens more choices, so there will be a greater chance for quality candidates to be chosen to represent the public. Thus, Madison favored the establishment of a large republic that would govern the 13 states.Madison’s Rejection of Homogeneity as the Basis of the Republic Madison rejected homogeneity as the basis for the establishment of a republic. According to him, even pure democracies like Athens became avenues of torment and clashes of opinion. A pure democracy, such as that proposed by Brutus was not a guarantee to the protection and advancement of citizens’ interests. He believed that homogeneity existed in a vacuum; that is, it was no guarantee that a general reduction in the extent of a state (population) would inevitably to the perfection and assimilation of beliefs, passions, and interests (Madison, 1787).Even in a small republic, passions and interest were highly varied. Thus, human nature could not be rearranged by arranging the political atmosphere to which a human being is situated. A state, small or large, would be comprised of citizens having different opinions, interests, and passions. Madison also discussed the nature of factions in a state. For Madison, factions destroy the liberty of the individual to participate in the affairs of the state. Factions retard the functioning of the government, thus inefficiently delivering services to the people.Factions could be disastrous if the majority belong to a faction (the tyranny of the majority). If the majority succumbed to the will of the unreasonable passions, then the state would become a tool of oppression of the minority. Even if the minority presented strong arguments (reasonable) of a particular policy and the majority refused to allow such policy to be implemented, then su ch policy would not be implemented. If this was the case of the state, then the government would be inefficiently and ineffectively ruled by an oppressive group of people. Madison’s Solution to the Problem of FactionsMadison presented two solutions for the â€Å"factions† problem. The first solution was to destroy the conditions which were essential to the establishment of factions. The second solution was to give every citizen the same view, passions, and interests. For Madison, only the first solution was feasible. By establishment safety nets in governance (there were some provisions in the US constitution that guarantee the rights and interests of the minority), the effects of factionalism would be minimized (it would be impossible to totally eradicate factionalism in a diverse nation).These safety nets took the form of negotiated mediums; that is, avenues where interests could be aggregated. Madison as the First Pluralist Madison proposed the establishment of seco nd-in-importance agencies to take note of the interests of the minority. Even in supra-legislative bodies like the House of Representatives and the Senate, Madison proposed the institutionalization of lobbying methods. The purpose of which was to give every citizen (or group of citizens) the chance to air their views and interests.For Madison, aggregation of interests was the key to maintaining a large heterogeneous republic. Thus, Madison was usually called the â€Å"first pluralist. † In recent years, however, the so-called interplay between federalist and anti-federalist perspectives was essentially rooted from the increasing powers of the â€Å"national government. † Some people wanted a less strong central government to effectively serve the needs of the citizens. There are those who argued that a strong central government is essential to procure the best services for the people.

Book of E.H. Carr on ‘Twenty Years Crisis.’

This paper seeks to make a review the book of E.H. Carr on ‘Twenty Years Crisis.’ The book is about international relations (IR) hence discussion dwells mainly on related different IR concepts including utopianism and â€Å"extreme† realism.  The book was written by Edward Hallett Carr in 1939 and is believed to be one of the classics in international relations (IR).   I see two reasons why Carr’s book makes a special place in the field of IR. Firstly, since the book was first printed in 1939, it is believed that it greatly contributed to the establishment of international as an autonomous discipline; secondly, it has a quite good amount of texts in understanding classical realism.An observant mind would think that the book was written shortly before the outbreak of World War II – as the author himself has put in the preface to the first edition. The book is believed to have grown out of the author’s disappointment with utopianism and â₠¬Å"extreme† realism that appeared to him to belong to opposite poles that have developed in the study and practice of international politics after the Great War. Utopianism is believed to have its roots from the philosophical liberalism and gained popularity in the first decade after WWI which included the view that there is goodness in man and of humankind as united by a substantial harmony of interests; the existence of natural law; and a reliance on the constructive consequence of public opinion on politics.Using the doctrine of utopianism, one could see the creation of the League of Nations and the liberal international economic system. But for author Carr, he saw the opposite, arguing that these two liberal institutions were weak which actually uncovered the weaknesses of the utopian approach.   It was Carr’s view, that the political and economic events in Europe occurring before the World II proved that principles like the universal interest in peace or the bene fits of open markets were not really true in the real sense since these developments were dependent on a distribution of power favouring the status quo countries which included Great Britain and the United States at the time.Carr’s emphasis on power in international politics, however, does not preclude him from disagreeing with those who take this realist principle to its extremes. He looks at politics as a constant quest for power in which imagination does not play any role, and making an allowance for morality as always relative and functional to interests. Thus he argued that the kind of realism developed in the decade before World War II, made utopianism’s opposite mistake that is analysis made makes purpose lacking in meaning.   Carr’s contemporaries including â€Å"heirs of Machiavelli† were proposing a completely pragmatic approach to politics, which had detached any emotional appeal, finite goal, or ground for ethical judgment, which Carr readil y found to have no basis.This would leave any one then reading this book wander the way one then should look at world politics.   The author then made his theory of international relations clearer in the second half of the book.   What he theorized as is that power or drive for supremacy is the main driving force of international politics. He denied not the fact that every state has selfish interest and that no interaction in the international arena can be well explained without making an assumption to the selfish nature of states. These countries according to Carr lust for influence and to the conflictual character of politics. He defined power to be referring to military as the most important, because of the possibility of war that was always present then.Power could also be economic, or ideological. He thus believed that power is not the only force at work in the international arena. As to how can this be, Carr, as distinguished from the â€Å"extreme† realists, believ es that morality plays a role in politics.   His conception of ethics, however, is not embodied as part of one he is opposing, the theory of the utopian philosopher. Instead what Carr theorized on is a â€Å"realistic† morality, found and felt in the actual behaviour of the states that recognize each other as belonging to the same community. Commonality for membership in the same community lies with similar goals and â€Å"feelings† of said members.There is basis to look at the authors position on ethics in international relations as having significant limitations which should include the need and concern for self-preservation) so that denying not to have   any function in politics may sound to be baseless since man must not be forgotten that he can be sociable as well as egoistic. Thus in trying to find the middle ground or the so called â€Å"golden mean† that is between complete power and purely morality based on utopianism, Carr’s analysis of inte rnational law did show his plausible view in international relation. It may be just logical to understand his argument not to obey the law because it is â€Å"good† or out of pure imposition.He believes then powerful countries then do so make decisions because law gives certainty and regularity to an order and such situations do show both the systemic distribution of power and the consent of its participants. What can be inferred from Carr’s position is that, the main challenge for a system undergoing a redistribution of power via peaceful transformations of its legal order moral principles should be maintained as still important part of the process.To conclude, it may be said that the Carr’s book on The Twenty Years’ Crisis is a classic of International Relations and it’s a complex although others believe that has its simple structure.   Beyond the complexity it must be noted the author’s arguments revealed his concern the method of Inter national Relations as well as its substance. Carr’s attacking utopianism and â€Å"extreme† realism limits not only views of the human nature and of the essence of politics, but his good grasp of the relationships of thing like those between pragmatism and ethics in the study of politics making a reader to fill in some interpretation for the solution.   What must be remembered also is not his narration of the history of the inter-war international system, nor pure theoretical discussion as show in his refusal to transform arguments into universally models as he seemed to argue on case to case basis.Reference:Carr, E. (2001) The Twenty Years' Crisis 1919 -1939: An Introduction to the Study of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   International Relations (Paperback), as updated by Michael Cox

Problems posed by ‘cybercrimes’

Cyber crime is defined as those crimes involving abuse of electronic media or the information contained in it by influencing the computers functioning or the functioning of its system to the detriment of other individuals/organizations. The emerging information technology trends have seen has seen increased use of computers across the globe. This rapid expansion in terms of information communication technology capability to transmit bulk of information has seen enormous transmission across the internet and computers daily.With this increased transmission there has emerged a new twist in criminal activities. In addition it has created window for perpetration of harmful activities by criminal organization. Another fundamental twist arising from internet and computer usage is intellectual appropriation. The emergence of such crimes being committed against computers, and the corresponding information in computers is gradually shifting attention towards the threats posed by cyber crimes. This is coupled by the anonymity of such crimes as well as the less aware population being preyed upon.The camouflaging nature of such crimes thus presents new challenges to the law enforcement agency due to the inevitable need to transform in response to this changing criminal landscape. In addition lack of proper legal structures and legislations have condemned businesses and the respective governments to there own discretion in protecting themselves against cyber crime. Such measures employed include the technical measures aimed at securing their systems. However, this is not enough to secure the existing cyber space from criminals.There is an additional need for application of the law in fighting this emerging menace. This paper will analyze the various types of cybercrimes, the problems they pose to the law enforcement agencies and in conclusion analyze the sufficiency of the cyber crimes laws in Australia in dealing with the problems posed by cyber crimes. Understanding the pr oblems that cyber crime pose to the modern nations requires a deeper understanding of the various faces that such crimes take.Cyber crimes in different forms which include; denial of service (DoS), identity theft, stalking, piracy, pornography, hacking, unauthorized modification, viruses, unauthorized copying, credit card crime, extortion, phishing, spoofing, cyber defamation and salami attack among others. Denial of service involves such acts by criminals aimed at flooding of victim’s network bandwidth of overloading of a victims mailbox with spam thus denying the victim access to his entitled services accessibility/provision.Unlike the early days DoS where simple tools generated and sent attack packets fro one source to another external source, such attacks have transformed to incorporate use of attacks from single source to multiple destinations as well as multiple sources to single destinations. However, the most recent development which involves use of self propagating w orms has increasingly created a new twist to reaction to such attacks. Hacking on the other hand has emerged as a regular crime as technology continues to advance.Hacking basically involves illegal computer systems intrusion as no permission is sought from the users/owner of the intruded system. Most of hacking is often attributed to teenagers as well as young adults. Hacking is often considered an art of exploration by computer technology buffs who engage in computer exploration rather than being intent on committing crime. The hackers often use hacking as a venue to displaying their skills and not as a tool of harming others.Virus dissemination on the other hand involves release of malicious software’s that often attach themselves to the existing software application resulting into a range of system detriments including system retardation and information sending among others. Such include; worms and Trojan horse among others. Pornography on the other hand has emerged as a s uccessful product in e-commerce that often applies deceptive techniques in its marketing most common being the mouse trapping technology.However, the ease of accessing such cites even to children is increasingly raising concern. Internet relays chat servers have likewise emerged as suitable avenues for criminal meetings from anywhere in the world. Hackers too are known to use such sites in discussing of their various exploits and sharing of information on the same. In addition Pedophiles have been known to use such sites in luring of children to their activities. Such avenues have thus presented avenues for increased criminal activities and planning.Credit card fraud has also increasingly grown more especially when the card’s numbers are used in unsecured electronic transaction resulting into the credit card numbers being stolen by hackers who end up misusing the cards through owner impersonation. Such fraudsters have also been known to use advanced techniques in duplication of credit cards. An emerging trend has also emerged where the confidential data of companies is illegally copied with the aim of extorting huge sums of money from the company.Phishing has also emerged with the rising of technology where information confidential to account holders in financial institutions is pulled out through deceptive ways. Spoofing on the other hand involves use of one computer in assuming another computer’s identity. Another form of cyber crime involves circumstances where defamatory messages are posted on the internet regarding an individual. Likewise stalking has emerged as a form of crime where the criminals trace individuals using the messages they use within the chat rooms.Salami attacks have on the other hand used to perform crime acts that involve insignificant amounts deduction from customer’s bank accounts and depositing it into their accounts. Such varied nature of cyber crimes presents with it varied challenges to the law enforcement age ncies. Latest significant form of cyber crime is the Nigerian 4-19 scheme where letters supposing presence of large amount of money in which the victim is required to help are distributed to prominent business, and professional personalities with the aim of hoodwinking them.Law enforcement agencies have had to reckon with the emergence of this new form of crime that comes with a variety of challenges in addition to its shifting landscape. Often such challenges may be classified as technical, judicial or ethical. Technical problems pose the greatest challenge to law enforcement agencies more so, on the issue of traceability more so considering the anonymous nature with which such crimes are perpetrated. It is always extremely cumbersome to locate the IP address from which such crime occur.Under such cases the criminals at times use other persons IP address to connect to a third party who then is unable to identify the actual source of the crime. Such connections are done using proxie s with socks4 and socks5 proxies often used by criminals. Often criminals are known to resource proxies through use of machines belonging to innocent and unaware users. Such present a challenge to law enforcement agencies in their quest to track down cyber criminals.Criminals are also known to use fast-flux networks in making of website resistant to firewall website filters and any attempts at law agencies to track them down. Such criminal activities always direct attempts to access the IP address to some arbitrary Zombie machine. Convicting of cyber criminals upon arrest may also prove cumbersome due to lack of evidence in such instances that the criminal has encrypted his/her computers data. This thus presents the challenge of obtaining evidence even in such circumstances where the criminal has been positively identified.In addition tracking down such crimes in order to gain crucial evidence is difficult considering that the criminal activity’s traces disappear as soon as t he connection is broken such a challenge may also be attributed to the over-reliance exhibited by law enforcement agencies on ISP’s rather engaging in a day to day co-ordination with the providers as this would enhance quick tracking responses. Ignorance also plays a major role in inhibiting the attempts by law enforcement agencies to fight cyber crime.Most of such crime often goes unreported as ether the victims are unaware that the activity may be classified as criminal or by mere lack of information. Large institutions like banks are also known for failing to report such incidence with the aim of protecting their public image from getting distorted. Other cases are only brought to light after a considerable period of time has elapsed and any evidence that would have aided prosecution has been lost. The digital technology as well as computing convergence has changed the ways of life.Unprecedented criminal opportunities have emerged with some unforeseeable criminal activitie s becoming a reality. This comes with the need for prosecutors to possess effective knowledge to deal with these emerging crimes. Appropriate training of the relevant law enforcement agencies to meet the competencies exhibited by such criminals is also a fundamental issue. Most countries, more so the underdeveloped countries lack effectively trained personnel to counter the activities of the criminals.The moral underpinning of cyber crime is also bound to pose a challenge to the law enforcement agencies as their action aimed at reacting to the same may be interpreted as a human right violations. Such may include arbitrary searches in quick response to an ongoing connection which may be interpreted as a search without warrant. On the other seeking a search warrant may provide adequate time for the perpetrator to break connection before identification.Jurisdiction problems likewise remain a major challenge to the law enforcement agencies in fighting of cyber crime. Cyber crime is know n to take a transnational perspective across various countries borders. The fundamental issue then arising is the issue of sovereign jurisdiction. In USA V Griffiths, the question of dual criminality was raised and the consequent requirement for existence of the same to allows criminal extradition.While one country may have already recognized a respective cyber offense as constituting a criminal offense, the other may have not. The resultant effect then would allow a criminal to operate from one given country without fear of facing legal action and harming victims of another country. The cases clearly illustrated the extent to which judicial barriers may hinder law enforcement agencies from effectively performing their duty and apprehend such criminals.In R v BODEN the existing legal provisions proved insufficient to sustain prosecution of Mr. Boden resulting to his release. In addition the question as to who holds jurisdiction likewise presents an obstacle to law enforcement agenci es in fighting cyber crime. When a criminal commits the crime in one country but it affects an individual in another country, there exist no clear legislations that prescribe the country on whose laws such an individual should face prosecution.The major jurisdictional problems facing law enforcement agencies in fighting cybercrime can be summarized as being the lack of harmonized rules in qualifying offences as cyber crimes within various states legal structures, lack of laws empowering investigative agencies in various states capabilities to trail crime across the borders and lastly inadequacy of laws allowing international cooperation to allow cross border prosecution. In the book â€Å"Underground† by Dreyfus a true story about an underground computer group threat predated the internet for more than ten years is narrated.The group was accused of having hacked into secure systems including; the Citibank, the pentagon NASA, NATO among others. It took several raids by both th e federal police and the police agencies to bring down the group. The group was subsequently brought to trial under the telecommunications act of 1991which was cited as outlining the legal proceedings surrounding cyber crimes. The penalty levied on the four who hacked major secured websites has been subject to criticism more so regarding the weight of the sentence in relation of the magnitude of the crime committed.The crimes if physical would have otherwise been considered dangerous and would have attracted sever sentence. This once again puts into spotlight the effectiveness of the Australian laws in dealing with such crimes. The question arising then was whether or not these regulations are sufficient enough to curb the cyber crimes menace. The latest bill on anti money laundering offers stiffer penalties accompanied with possibility of long term imprisonment thus meting out proportional penalties which could have a deterrent effect on such crimes.The 1991 telecommunication act i ncorporated section 74 and 76 criminal code of Australia in illustrating the issue of carrier and data. The legislation describes carrier and data considered property of the Australian commonwealth. The law includes data originating from commonwealth computers as well as data into the commonwealth computers as constituting carrier and data within the section definition. Unauthorized access to commonwealth computers is classified as criminal under section 76(b)-1 with section 76(b)-2 describing what qualifies as unauthorized access.Section 76(b)-3 expounds further to deal with acts that impeded, destroy or after data. Section 76(D) on the other hand emphasizes the on the mode of entry while section 76(e) specifies the prescribed punishment for individuals who contravene the provisions of the aforementioned sections. Unlike the previous cases where creative adaptation was applied in trying to deal with new crimes, the act currently addresses specific cases of computer crimes. For inst ance in the 1980’s the reported cases faced difficulties regarding whether or not legislation on theft could be applied to computer hackers.In the rulings the court held that information was not property and thus incapable of being stolen. Based on this, Gordon Hughes at one point suggested that hacking of computers could not be considered to constitute an act of theft. However, the telecommunication act, 1991 prescribes specific clauses that handle such cases. Section 76 of the act not only addresses the issue of unauthorized access and illegal copying, but goes further to include resulting damages of such access as constituting a criminal offense.Another milestone made by the Australian laws in fighting cyber crime is evidenced by the Victorian state parliament’s amendment of the 1958 Crimes Act top cater for cyber stalking crimes. The act caters addressing cyber stalking eliminating the cumbersome need for proof of a offenders conduct is such circumstance where the offered meant harm. The legislation goes along way in solving the burden of proof shouldered on law enforcement agencies in addition to the fact that unlike its predecessors it offers provisions for extraterritorial jurisdictions.It is important to note the burden of proving evidence that an offender was stalking was quite cumbersome given the fact that the evidence would disappear as soon as the communication was broken. However, with this new law an offender is considered to have engaged in a criminal by virtue of having meant harm in his/her activity. The cyber crime act has in addition addresses damages and computer related offenses offering more extensive approaches. It was formulated in line with THE recommendations of the Model Criminal Code officer’s committee.E-commerce has also been on the rise to more so in Australian and USA. The number of internet banking service being offered is constantly on the rise. The Australian government to deal with fraud related issues in this area has a series of legislations that control such operations. Such include; the proceeds of crime act 1987 which has the effect of obligating financial institutions to maintain all transactions records for future references, the payment systems regulation, 1998 within borrows a lot from the Wallis report.The Wallis legislation establishes three key regulators of e-commerce namely; The Reserve Bank of Australia, The Australian Prudential Regulation Authority and the Australian Securities and Investments Commissions. Such emerging legislations in Australia have had the effect of sealing some of the loopholes that would have let such crime activities go unpunished like the DPP v SUTCLIFFE, the magistrate’s court considering the trans-boundary nature of the crime in question, considered it as not being in apposition to effectively handle the matter.The Victorian Supreme Court’s decision however in effect came in to redeem the situation to an extent by establishin g jurisdiction of the court. Nonetheless the applicability of the crimes act 1958 still posed a challenge to the court in its examination of the reasons that made stalking a criminal offense. This still remains a challenge as even the 2003 amendment in its section 6(3) still makes specific to such cases with regard to limitations of the courts in the light of the individuals rights.The cases essentially reflected some of the hurdles provided for by the law in the fight against cyber crimes. While the Australian law has made major milestone in dealing with cybercrime within its territory, trans-national cyber crime still remains a challenge. In US v Griffiths, for instance the Australian legislations allowed for extradition of a suspect to face charges in the USA, however, the same cannot be said of other countries whose citizens commit crimes against Australian systems.Most countries still lack legislations that would provide grounds for such extraditions. This step was inline with both the international and the European conventions on cyber crimes which stressed the need for nation’s cooperation and unity in the fight against this vice. The convention just like the Australian laws undertook an extensive elaboration of the various forms of cyber crimes emphasizing the need for the member states and other signatories to develop legislation on the same.Unlike the early 1980’s where the legislation focused on criminalizing unauthorized access to computer systems without considerations of the inadequate investigative authority and penalties, recent reforms in Australia have taken a more realistic approach to safeguard computer systems integrity having acknowledged their centrality and commercial value. The cyber crimes act offers the much needed national model for legal response to cyber related offenses. The act possesses transnational aspects as constituted in the European Council Cyber Crime Convention.This allows expanded jurisdictional scope. Th e Australian cyber laws adequately prepares it to respond to the emerging cyber crimes more so considering the larger extra-territorial jurisdiction which recognizes both multijurisdictional dimension presented in Australia and overseas jurisdiction. Laws expanding on search warrant and conduction of covert surveillance have additionally had the impact on facilitating gathering of evidence. In general the Australian legislations provide adequate tools in dealing with the cyber crime menace.