Evaluation of Microprocessor free essay sample

Many of these challenges will involve the need for tringent static control procedures from wafer fabrication facilities all the way through to computer rooms and any space where electronic devices are handled, stored or used. Ted Dangelmayer, a leading authority on ESD, says this rapid advance of technology and the associated design constraints are producing devices with ever increasing sensitivity to ESD. A recent benchmarking study of integrated circuit suppliers indicated that ESD will be one of the top three reliability concerns within the next five years and already is with certain products. Static discharge is certainly not a new phenomenon to the computer industry. For years static has been documented as a significant contributor to serious problems, including computer freeze-ups, loss of data, dropped phone calls and, in the worst cases, head crashes, failures of semiconductors and ultimately shutdowns of mission critical operations involving computer and telephony equipment used in military and health and safety applications. We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluation of Microprocessor or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Static problems are particularly acute in hospitals, server rooms, 9-1-1 call centers and flight control towers. And the introduction of the next generation of faster more sensitive components will only elevate these concerns. The combination of the ubiquitous reliance on electronic devices and the increased sensitivity of those devices to static electricity are forcing facilities engineers to reanalyze conventional building materials and design static free environments so static cannot become a problem in the first place. Over the past 20 years ESD awareness has created an entire industry devoted to producing antistatic and conductive versions of commonplace items such as garments, plastic bins, table covering, chairs as well as floor tiles and carpeting. The good news is that it is now possible to locate and install n antistatic version of almost any building, flooring or upholstery material for a static sensitive work space. The bad news is that selecting the right material can be confusing for the novice and sometimes even for the experienced engineer or architect. http://staticcontrol. com http://credencetech. om http://3m. com/electronics ESD For example, choosing the wrong ESD flooring can be as disastrous as having no static protection at all. Understandably, it is much more expensive to remove and reinstall flooring in an occupied building than it was to install the right floor the first time. In many cases, when the wrong floor is installed its because the proper homework was not done up fron t. A substantial amount of confusion results from a general lack of knowledge about static control specifications and standards combined with confusing and/or contradictory data found on the Internet. Because of the massive amount of both reliable as well as unreliable information available on the web, facility designers often make the same common mistakes when selecting static control flooring materials. Here are seven common mistakes in choosing the right static control floor, and how to avoid them. Mistake : Confusion of Static Control Terminology There are a number of terms sellers use to describe static control flooring. Although these terms are often used as if they were synonymous, they are not interchangeable. These terms are sometimes used incorrectly in marketing materials. When terms such as conductive, dissipative, ESD and antistatic are used indiscriminately, buyers and sellers become confused. For example, a conductive floor is not the same thing as a static dissipative floor; each term describes a floor with appreciably different electrical properties. Designating a flooring material as ntistatic does not necessarily mean that that floor can be grounded; many (but not all) antistatic materials (such as low Kv carpet) inhibit static generation but lack the necessary conductivity for actual grounding. These are Just two of the more obvious abuses of technical terms. A fundamental understanding of these terms is absolutely necessary before any specification should be written. Referencing one of the numerous ESD industry glossaries should eliminate most of the confusion regarding simple terminology. In general, most experts agree that conductive flooring offers istinct advantages over static dissipative flooring. This fact should become obvious through a careful reading of the ESD Associations document ANSI/ESD S20. 20, which can be downloaded for free at www. esda. org. S20. 20 recommends a flooring footwear total system resistance of no greater than 35 megohms. This total resistance would be difficult to achieve if the flooring material, by itself, measured in the upper range of static dissipative (a material can measure as high as 1000 megohms and still be characterized as static dissipative). Additionally, if a conductive floor also exhibits ntistatic properties, it will usually meet or exceed almost any static control requirement for body voltage generation. An expanded explanation of these terms can be found in a previously published article in the Conformity archives, Taking the Mystery Out of Selecting Static Control Flooring. 178 Conformity 2007 AnnuAl Some of the more important key terms are: ESD Conductive Static Dissipative Antistatic Ground Triboelectric Series Static Generation Tribocharging ANSI/ESD S20. 20 Resistance Resistance to Ground Walking Body Voltage ANSI/ESD S 7. 1 ANSI/ ESD S 97. 1 ANSI/ESD S 97. Minimum resistance Heel strap Computer Grade flooring IBM Burroughs standard ATCC 134 test Humidity Dependence Therefore, DO familiarize yourself with basic static control terminology and specifications. Mistake #2: Not Understanding Internet Hype The Internet is only as good as the researcher doing the research. Many people assume that, if its published on the web, it must be true. Remember that any individual can publish anything on their own web site, whether the information is correct or not. An objective web site should always present both advantages and disadvantages of the arious flooring solutions. After all, no ESD flooring product is perfect or universally applicable for every application. Watch out for hyperbole and repeated platitudes. Question information that describes products that have infinite conductivity, that offers lifetime performance, or that states that any property will last forever. Beware of any buying sources or companies that do not support claims with objective references to standardized test methods that count, quantify, qualify, differentiate or somehow identify performance parameters by some objective universally accepted cale or longitudinal performance criteria. In short, if a claim seems inconsistent and too good to be true, it probably is. Specifications a re meaningless unless they are derived from respected, reliable, objective sources. Data should be scrutinized and cross-checked. In the case of ESD flooring, tests referencing ESD Association standards should always be available from an independent test lab. The two most important ESD standards for flooring are: ESD STM 97. 1-1999 Floor Materials and Footwear† Resistance Measurement in Combination With a Person. As previously tated, an upper resistance limit of 35 megohms is recommended by the authors of this document. This information should be included on any specification sheet. Stating that the flooring material will meet ANSI/ESD S20. 20 is not an adequate claim. ANSI/ ESD S20. 0 is a process document and not a test standard. ESD STM 97. 2-1999 Floor Materials and Footwear† Voltage Measurement in Combination With a Person. No ESD flooring material should allow the generation of more than 100 volts when tested in conjunction with a human body wearing controlled (conductive) footwear. When evaluating flooring for mission critical pplications, test results should also include testing involving va rious conventional footwear (athletic shoes, work boots, leather shoes etc. ), since most mission critical spaces do not mandate or monitor the type of footwear worn. When evaluating performance data, the results of independent lab reports should always be viewed as more credible than descriptive performance claims printed on sales literature. The same is true for articles or web site editorials that offer opinions and comparisons. When evaluating technical information, look for articles that originally appeared in ass some form of editorial review before they are published. So, DO look for independent test reports and ESD articles published by respected trade Journals or industry associations, including this publication, www. neena. org, and www. esda. org. Mistake #3: Using an Unfamiliar Supplier or Contractor Some buyers believe they can save money or gain technical advantages by hiring an Internet ESD flooring installer. This path is often chosen with the belief that a static control company knows more about flooring installations than a flooring contractor when in fact the opposite is ctually the case. Most general contractors would disagree with hiring an Internet contractor for any number of reasons. Other than simple grounding and the use of conductive adhesives, there is no difference between installing conventional flooring and static control flooring. In this 21st century litigious society, does it actually make sense to use a contractor with no regional office or local representation in the area of the installation? What happens if there are problems after the original Job has been completed? Who will handle ongoing installations and repairs? Very few flooring nstallations are complete after the last tile is placed or the grounding strips are bonded to building steel. Often, tiles are damaged during the moving of equipment and they must be reinstalled. The certification of electrical properties should not be finalized for at least several days after the installation is complete when the floor or adhesive is fully cured. If an out-of-the-area installer is used, who will handle warranty work? And what about insurance? It makes little sense to use a contractor who employs out-of-state workers; in some states it is acceptable for contractors to ire laborers who are not bonded and have no workers compensation insurance. What happens if those workers are injured on the Job? Other states, including West Virginia, California and Arizona, will not permit construction labor by unregistered out-of-state contractors. As with any other scope in construction, it usually makes sense to keep things as local as possible. No cost savings from hiring out-of-town labor could possibly compensate for damages from one accidental liability claim filed by an employee who has fallen because of loose floor tiles. According to the American nsurance industry, slips and falls on flooring cost over ten thousand dollars per claim and cost the insurance industry billions of dollars every year. Often, Internet contractors get hired because confused buyers view ESD flooring installation as some kind of black art. ESD floors are no more difficult to install than ceramic flooring or regular carpet and tile! In many cases, larger electronics companies actually utilize members of their own in-house facilities department for ESD flooring installation. Grounding is simple, new carbon-free conductive adhesives are easy to spread and lean-up is usually done with soap and water. A local contractor is someone who can be relied upon because he or she is interested in obtaining all of their customers flooring business, not Just in a one shot deal involving a few thousand feet of conductive tile. Therefore, DO ask flooring manufacturers for names of local, approved and experienced installers. If they cant confidently recommend one, find a different manufacturer. dont Just settle for mart with; demand GENIUS over 4,000,000 sq. ft. installed and certified, huge worldwide client base such as; Jabil Circuit, Sanmina SC, Nokia and more, specially trained ESD certified engineers, certified flooring installation experts, industry trained and experienced sales staff. ESD Flooring from Concept-to-completion GROUND ZERO ELECTROSTATICS 1 . 877. 463. 9376 1 . 800. 460. 7828 2007 AnnuAl guide Conformity 179 Mistake #4: Failing to Carefully Evaluate Suppliers and Their Warranties Warranties are only as good as the financial backbone of the warrantor (and sometimes their supplier as well). A lifetime warranty will be useless if the supplier is out of business a few years after the floor is installed. What happens if, at that point, the floor begins delaminating or losing conductivity? Although asking for references seems like a good idea, references are only as good as the objectivity and experience level of the company or individual providing the reference. As with evaluating a Job applicant, due diligence could save a lot of money downstream. When evaluating a suppliers integrity, look for the following: Ask if the flooring manufacturer is a GSA contract holder: The GSA requires significant product testing and supplier evaluation before approving a manufacturer. Any reputable flooring manufacturer will list at east some of their products with the 6SA. Ask how many years the supplier has been in business: A supplier with many successful years of service may be more stable than a new business, indicating that their warranty might have some value. Conduct a credit check: A credit check of a prospective supplier through Dun Bradstreet or other credit evaluation source will reveal a suppliers financial status and their years of service. A company with less than a million dollars in sales may have the best price but they may also be a poor choice for the purchase of a product hat could cost two to three times their annual sales, particularly if an operational facility must be shut down if the Job encounters problems. Find out if the supplier can be bonded: Insurance companies will only provide bonds to contractors with solid financial and performance history. The contractors bond rate compared with other contractors will usually reveal hidden information that will not be revealed from a simple reference check. The best insurance against future problems is not a longterm warranty but a detailed evaluation of both the product and the contractor nder consideration. In the case of static control flooring, always request that the electrical testing be done after accelerated life testing from chair caster rolling. Recent research has shown that some ESD flooring products fail electrical testing reference, look for old installations. Most customers are happy when their floor is new it is important to measure satisfaction levels two to three years later. DO thoroughly evaluate your supplier and ask for and get objective test reports from reliable sources such as independent labs and unbiased third party sources. Mistake 5: Failing to Investigate Sub-floor Conditions Often, ESD flooring failures are the direct result of problematic yet correctable site conditions, such as contaminated concrete and moisture vapor drive. In fact, moisture is the single biggest threat to any ESD flooring installation. Concrete and moisture problems are detected easily by pulling core samples and performing ASTM moisture tests. These tests can be arranged by the flooring manufacturer and should be performed in conjunction with a local certified contractor. Often, contaminated slabs can be rectified by double shot-blasting. Moisture problems can be alleviated by installing moisture barriers or by installing an inexpensive moisture-resistant portable sub-floor such as SmartDeck. Before getting a firm price from any flooring contractor the following questions should be answered: What is the condition of the subfloor? Will the floor need to be leveled or patched? Will cracks need to be filled? Is the concrete ready to be used? New (green) concrete takes 90 days to cure. Because of its high water content, adhesives will not adhere to green, hydrated concrete without installing the proper ype of curing compound or base coat. Will the floor need a moisture barrier or a special moisturemitigating curing compound? Both can be expensive. Is there a vapor barrier? According to the Rubber Institute, moisture levels should be no higher than 3 lb per 1000 sq ft per 24 hours. Calcium chloride (CaCl) testing, the standard test used to measure moisture, can give an incomplete picture because moisture varies according to fluctuating environmental conditions and variations in subterranean activities related to water table, drainage, and aquifer. Costs of vapor barriers must be taken into account. Most floors perform poorly or even fail when laid over a subfloor with vapor problems. Perform ASTM-F-1869 Standard Test Method for Measuring Moisture Vapor Rate of Concrete Subfloor Using Anhydrous Calcium Chloride: The maximum allowed transmission rate is 3 pounds per 1000 square feet per 1,000 square feet. Ђ Perform ASTM F-2170 Standard Test Method for Determining Relative Humidity in concrete Floor Slabs Using In Sutu Probes: This will show the relative humidity of the concrete slab over time. The maximum relative humidity should be below 80%. Perform ASTM-D4263 Plastic Sheet Test: This is a isual test that may provide an indication of the presence of mois ture. Regardless of previous experience, DO test and evaluate every sub-floor properly before flooring is installed, and never ignore defects or marginal moisture vapor readings. 80 Conformity 2007 AnnuAl guide Mistake #6: Not Understanding Total Cost of Ownership The initial material and installation costs are only part of the total cost of owning an ESD floor. When evaluating an ESD floor, designers often forget to consider the cost to repair and maintain the floor under consideration. Every floor, whether standard or ESD, nd repair costs can significantly raise the cost of the floor. Vinyl floors are the costliest and most difficult to maintain. Beware of any claims that describe vinyl floors with special factory glazes that never need to be waxed. If there was really such a thing as a no wax, low-maintenance vinyl floor, grocery stores and shopping malls would be buying them. Never needs wax usually means always needs buffing. Regular buffing is Just as costly as waxing. Carpet requires periodic vacuuming and yearly wet or dry extraction. Broadloom carpet is much more difficult to repair and eplace than carpet tile. All carpet is vulnerable to chemical spills and solder spills. Epoxy floors need regular washing and gouges are very difficult to repair and match to existing areas. It is usually difficult to repair epoxy floors in occupied spaces due to the three day process of installation and drying. Epoxies are usually sensitive to ultraviolet exposure. The color will soften and fade in well lit areas. Rubber is not porous so it will not capture dirt, but it still needs occasional scrubbing with a single disc machine or it will become dull. Ђ Certain conductive adhesives dry right away, while others take 24 to 72 hours to fully cure; curing times can impact repairs considerably. It is imperative to know and understand exactly what maintenance people will encounter before purchasing an ESD floor. The way the floor is maintained will directly impact its ability to eliminate static electricity. A good starting point for evaluating the true cost of ownership of any conductive epoxy or ESD tile is ATTs landmark study of 18 different ESD floors (available online at www. staticsmart. com). This exhaustive in-factory evaluation was conducted over a eriod two years by ATT engineers. DO consider the long-term costs of repairing and maintaining your ESD floor. Mistake #7: Specifying the Wrong Product for the Application Every static control flooring application presents some unique challenge. For example, 9-1-1 call centers and FAA flight towers rely heavily on the use of sensitive electronic equipment that is extremely vulnerable to static electricity. A static event could cripple their mission-critical operation, Jeopardizing public safety and security. Designers of these 2417 mission-critical spaces do not hesitate in pecifying some form of static control flooring. Unfortunately, it is easy to select the wrong floor for these applications, particularly in cases where the supplier is unclear about the capabilities and deficiencies of a particular ESD floor. In fact, many static control flooring materials (conductive vinyl, HPL, LAN carpet and computer-grade carpet, for example) are often incorrectly specified for these applications because real world testing has revealed that these materials do not and cannot possibly eliminate static in these types of spaces. Research has demonstrated that certain ypes of rubber and conductive carpet are the best ESD flooring solutions for mission critical spaces, since both rubber and conductive carpet inhibit static generation on moving personnel regardless of footwear. Conclusion Mission-critical applications require flooring that is capable of both grounding static and preventing the accumulation of static in the first place. Because static is an invisible phenomenon, it is impossible to know, until a computer crashes or some other event occurs, that the floor is not working properly to eliminate static. To preemptively solve static problems n a mission-critical environment, the conductive floor must be groundable, antistatic and must also provide some ESD mitigation with or without the use of conductive testing involving both controlled and uncontrolled footwear using ESD STM 97. methodology. DO remember that applications differ in their static-protective requirements. Be sure that the floor you select is the right floor for your application. If youre not sure, ask a static control expert for help. Idiosyncratic and constantly changing requirements of technology businesses challenge the expertise of even the ost capable building professionals. Te chnical ESD specialists should be enlisted to help decipher and explain ESD terminology and Jargon.

Native Essay

Native Essay Native Essay Savages and the Virgin Forest Belief Beliefs play a detrimental role in the history of colonizing the Americas. Historical evidence suggests that around two thousand Native American cultures and languages were practiced in the America’s. The explorers did not take that into consideration because they could not understand the early inhabitant’s foreign language, influencing the belief that these inhabitants were savage like or heathens. The lack of misunderstanding can be blamed for the barbaric image that explorers used to explain Native Americans in their journals. Unfavorable and favorable images encouraged biased beliefs of the explorers. Whether the forest was un touched or filled with vegetation, whether the Native American’s were intellectual humans or shameless barbarians, the explorers had one mission in mind. Christopher Columbus believed that the land they set out for was the holy lands. Invading foreign lands over and over again justified all in the name of Christ. These beliefs caused u pheaval and wars for several hundred years. When explorers destroyed these humans, they had to look good in doing so. In order to justify these actions. It was essential that explorers convince their own people that there were no philosophers or intellectuals in this newly â€Å"discovered† holy Land. How they conquered the America’s is essential when understanding the mass genocide committed by early explorers. How to conquer the land is answered by the crusader, the answer was warfare. It is assumed that the conquistadors spilled more blood than any group of individuals ever spilled up to that time and would be quite a contest if you know the history before that time.1 History suggests that the conquistadors felt they had to dehumanize their victims of the conquest. The first inhabitants of America were not humans in the eyes of many explorers, they were savages. Modern scholars identify the conquest as the birth of racism2. It was the first time that arguments were put forth in the courts portraying Native Americans commonly as heathen like savages, that were biologically inferior to man. In the eyes of explorers, these people were more beasts of burden3. The beliefs of the explorers can be held accountable for the mass genocide that Native Americans endured. This interpretation of Native peoples granted them a western identity that would shape the way generations of explorers would respond to this culture of Native people in the Americas. Since the original inhabitants of the Western Hemisphere neither called themselves by a single term nor understood themselves as a nation, the idea and image of the Indian was created for the white man4. It is easier to group an estimated of 2000 different languages and culture into one entity in order to educate a Holy nation of people who do not question authority for fear of being killed. It was easy to brain wash Europeans that in the past has perpetrated mass killings in the name of their biased bel iefs. Columbus gave Europeans the first negative conception of the Native peoples. The bad image he portrayed of the Indian suggests a hellish creature, who eat human flesh. The ambiguity of the word â€Å"Indian† associated all of the first inhabitants of the new world as savages, depraved ones at that. This image suggested that all â€Å"Indians† were cannibalistic monsters which was rather unfair. The people of the Americas were tribal and all very different from one another. Amerigo Vespucci provided Europeans with vivid details about Native Americans. In his descriptions of Native American men and women European biased are very clear. Amerigo Vespucci is dismayed by the lustful women, the facial piercings, and most of all the cruel killings and â€Å"wars without art or order. † This description was the first of many descriptions that would damage the reputations and identity of the Native peoples. The new printing press in Europe encouraged the unfavorable image of the Indian. The image developed in

Payment systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Payment systems - Essay Example An important factor that influences the choice of payment system lies in the value of the transaction. The most efficient and fair payment system in terms of the risk tradeoff for transactions of $100 may not be the same as it is for transactions of $1,000,000. So alternative payment systems often distinguishes between a large-value transfer system (LVTS) and a small-value transfer system (SVTS).2 The following stages are involved in Payment System development: Transitional economies started their payment system development from stage 2, a cash circuit for consumers and a paper-based noncash circuit for enterprises in which all transactions were gross but with long lags between payment instruction and receipt of payment. The prototype DNS system of stage 3 was a simple clearinghouse in London where banks exchanged cheques at the end of each business day. In this system, there were no credit limits between banks, in part because banks did not provide unconditional funds against deposited cheques. Such deposits became unconditional only after clearing and the confirmation that sufficient funds were available in the payer's account. In the case of credit transfers, however, the credit risk is more likely to fall on the receiving bank. With a credit transfer, customers and their receiving banks know that the payer had sufficient funds when making the transfer. So the receiving bank makes funds available to its clients and bears the risk that the payer's bank may fail in the interval between sending the credit transfer information and settling that payment in the end-of-day netting. Stage 4: Most industrial countries had reached stage 4, predominantly with DNS systems, by the 1970s or 1980s. In such unprotected DNS systems, commercial banks provided free, unlimited, uncollateralised intraday credit. 3 As risks in both net and gross systems were recognized, central banks required collateral or charged for intraday credit. With limited intraday liquidity, both DNS and RTGS systems have adopted prioritization arrangements, while some DNS systems have increased the frequency of batch settlements during the day. Stage 5: Automation increased speed and reduced costs, both followed by the dramatic increases in transaction values in both domestic and international financial liberalization that took place during these two decades. The traditional DNS systems of stages 3 and 4 involved unlimited implicit credit granted to the paying bank by the receiving bank from the time a payment instruction was received until the time of final settlement after clearing. Risks In Payment Systems Legal risks are one aspect of the need for certainty about how the system operates. Participants need to know what happens in different circumstances. If a participant defaults, for example, what will be the impact on other participants Operational risk is

Research Paper Analysis of Newspaper Research Report Results Essay

Research Paper Analysis of Newspaper Research Report Results - Essay Example Sampling method: Sample can be defined as the representative group of the population. The sample size of the study was 3, 639. Two types of sampling method were used to select cases for the survey. In the first phase, a few colleges of different stated of the USA were selected by applying quota sampling and subsequently the respondents were selected at random without any bias from those selected colleges. can, as the term suggests, have only one possible answer. Perhaps the most typical of these is the dichotomous question that has just two possible options "yes" or "no". Many attitudinal questions are single response in that respondents have to choose where they sit on a predetermined scale. They have to choose one response code that reflects their thoughts. Multiple response questions allow the respondent to offer more than one answer to a question (Hague, 2004). Key survey questions included whether the students had been prescribed or had used without a prescription opioids, stimulants, sleeping aids (sedatives), or anxiety medicines. To determine if students abused drugs, the researcher relied on questions that asked whether the students had experienced drug-related problems like engaging in illegal activities to obtain drugs, having withdrawal symptoms, or developing medical problems due to drug use. Questionnaire administration: The questionnaire was sent to the selected colleges and afterwards the college authority made available the questionnaire on their college homepage and urged the students to take part in the survey. Analysis of data: The data was analyzed using SPSS. The demographics of the respondents were analyzed. A distributing table of the data was created with data range. And afterwards, various tools of central tendency like mean, median were applied to the collected data. The null hypothesis of the study was "College students using prescription drugs without a prescription are not prone to drug abuse" and the alternate hypothesis was "College students using prescription drugs without a prescription are prone to drug abuse" Findings: According to the results of the survey, 59.9% of the cases reported that they medically used at least one of the four drugs with a prescription. About 20% of the respondents reported taking them without a prescription for non-medical reasons. 39.7% of the college students who took part in the survey reported that they had used the drugs only by prescription. 4.4% of the cases of the study reported to have used medications, but were not prescribed them. 15.8% of the respondents who participated in the web survey reported using some medications, both with and without prescriptions. The researcher also found that students who reported using drugs without prescriptions were more likely to screen positive for drug abuse compared to students who never used them or who had only used them for medical reasons. The findings can be summed up as below: Parentage Explanation 59.9% Reported medically using at least one of t

Nature, representation and value of sexuality in The Buddha of Essay

Nature, representation and value of sexuality in The Buddha of Suburbia by Hanif Kureishi and The Gangster of Love by Jessica Hagedorn - Essay Example Charlie had the additional advantage of the able and valued advice of his ex-guru dad! How simple was the suburban life. Hanif provides an apt description: "We were proud of never learning anything except the names of footballers, the personnel of rock groups and the lyrics to I Am the Walrus.†(p.178) Karim Amir gives the frank self-introduction, befitting the teenager of the 1970s in the suburban London, as â€Å"a funny kind of Englishman, a new breed as it was, having emerged from two old histories† (Kureishi, p. 3). Hanif weaves several other stories, around the life of Karim. He creates situations through which Karim is obliged to react the way he reacts. He has no ideal on which he can build his life in a disciplined manner. He gets wrong idols and Karim makes use of them, as a directionless youngster would! Count his misfortunes/fortunes one by one. His dysfunctional family, his best friend with a rebellious daughter, her peculiar Indian-based friend Changez, Charlie who is the object affection, several theatre actors with whom he has opportunistic relations—Karim’s sex and sarcasm goes hand in hand. Hanif describes the problems of adolescent Karim Amir growing into manhood. How he learns about himself and the world around him and discovers the operati ve rules of family, work, institutions, society, and culture. Karim Amir’s own schooling proves to be an adventure, quite contrary to the gloomy atmosphere at home. He has affairs with Eleanor, Jamila etc. that provide him much excitement. His companions also teach him sex by example, About Charlie Karim says, â€Å"No, Charlie was the cruelest and most lethal type of seducer. He extorted not only sex, but love and loyalty, kindness and encouragement, before moving on. I too would gladly have exercised these master-skills, but †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p.119) Once Karim’s father receives the official sex-license, the possibilities of business in the line are immense! Hanif describes it in style: â€Å"Was

Case Report of Secondary Narcolepsy

Case Report of Secondary Narcolepsy Title of the article: â€Å" Case Report of Secondary Narcolepsy presenting as self-inflicted genital injury † Abstract: Primary Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder with classical presentation showing tetrad of excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and Hypnogogic hallucinations. Some conditions that result in secondary narcolepsy include traumatic brain injury, tumors, and stroke. [1] A rare case of secondary narcolepsy was seen in a patient with self-inflicted genital injury. A 30 year old male was referred to Psychiatry from Surgery for a self-inflicted incised wound on hydrocoele. Since last 1 year, he had multiple episodes of 1. Sudden falls while working 2. Sleep during daytime often at unusual places 3. Periods of unresponsiveness during which he was aware but unable to move. During hospital stay, daytime somnolence, sleep paralysis and cataplexy were noted several times, but hallucinations were not consistently reported. Based on DSM-IV-TR Narcolepsy was diagnosed. Possible reasons for genital injury were 1. To remove fluid from swelling 2. Under sleep paralysis 3. Under Hypnogogic hallucinations. Patients EEG was normal. MRI brain showed Gliosis at cervico-medullary junction.MRI spine was advised to examine the cervico-vertebral junction but patient was lost to follow-up. But from history and investigations, it was concluded that he had secondary narcolep sy due to traumatic brain injury. Narcolepsy typically begins in the 2nd and 3rd decades of life and negatively impacts the quality of life of affected patients. Diagnosis relies on patient history and objective data gathered from polysomnography and multiple sleep latency testing. Treatment focuses on symptom relief through medication, education, and behavioural modification. Key-words: Cataplexy; Narcolepsy; Polysomnography; Self inflicted injury, Key Messages [D1]:Secondary narcolepsy is rare and sometimes can be missed to diagnose. Such rare presentation of secondary narcolepsy helps in diagnosing other cases of self-inflicting injuries. Introduction:[D2] Narcolepsy is neither a type of epilepsy nor a psychogenic disturbance. It is an abnormality of the sleep mechanisms specifically, REM-inhibiting mechanisms and it has been studied in dogs, sheep, and humans. Narcolepsy can occur at any age, but it most frequently begins in adolescence or young adulthood, generally before the age of 30. The disorder either progresses slowly or reaches a plateau that is maintained throughout life.[2]. The prevalence of narcolepsy varies across countries and with different ethnic groups, and so the exact prevalence is not known. Prevalence estimates have been reported to be between 168 and 799 per 100,000 in most studies, although Japanese studies have indicated a higher prevalence of 1600 per 100,000.[2,3]. There are no genetic tests current ly available for clinical use to make a positive diagnosis of narcolepsy. Genetic testing may correlate best to narcolepsy when there is already clear cataplexy.[4]. Supporting the evidence for an environmental influence is the fact that the disease is not apparent at birth, but instead commonly has its onset during the second decade of life. Additionally, there are apparent precipitating factors such as head trauma, infection, and changes in sleep-waking habits that have been identified in some cases.[6] Chronic, daytime sleepiness is a major, disabling symptom for many patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), but thus far, its aetiology is not well understood. Extensive loss of the hypothalamic neurons that produce the wake-promoting neuropeptide hypocretin (orexin) causes the severe sleepiness of narcolepsy, and partial loss of these cells may contribute to the sleepiness of Parkinson disease and other disorders. One study has found that the number of hypocretin neurons is significantly reduced in patients with severe TBI. This observation highlights the often overlooked hypothalamic injury in TBI and provides new insights into the causes o f chronic sleepiness in patients with TBI.[7] Amphetamine usage has been associated with addiction, psychosis and self-injurious behaviour. There are reports on two patients who severely and repeatedly mutilated their own genitalia while intoxicated on amphetamines and consider possible diagnostic aetiologies.[8] Genital mutilation is common in males compared to females.[9] But narcolepsy presenting as self inflicted genital injury has not been reported so far. That is why this is a rare case. Case History[D3]: A case of secondary narcolepsy was seen in a patient presenting as self-inflicted genital injury. A 30 year old Hindi speaking illiterate male was referred to Psychiatry from Surgery for a self-inflicted incised wound on hydrocele. After primary wound closure at surgical side, patient was taken transfer to Psychiatry for detailed assessment. When detailed history was obtained from patients elder brother and father, it was found that since last 1 year, he had multiple episodes of sudden falls while working at kitchen as he was a cook. He used to sleep during daytime often at unusual places like in the courtyard, once over the road and sometimes in bathroom. Patient also had periods of unresponsiveness during which he was aware but unable to move himself even on painful stimulation. During hospital stay, daytime somnolence, sleep paralysis and cataplexy were noted several times, but hallucinations were not consistently reported. Based on DSM-IV-TR Narcolepsy was diagn osed. Possible reasons for genital injury were 1. To remove fluid from swelling 2. Under sleep paralysis 3. Under Hypnogogic hallucinations. Patients EEG was normal. MRI brain showed Gliosis at cervico-medullary junction.MRI spine advised to examine the cervico-vertebral junction but patient was lost to follow-up. But from history and investigations, it was concluded that he had secondary narcolepsy due to traumatic brain injury Discussion: Narcolepsy is a condition characterized by excessive sleepiness, as well as auxiliary symptoms that represent the intrusion of aspects of REM sleep into the wakingstate. The sleep attacks of narcolepsy represent episodes of irresistible sleepiness, leading to perhaps 10 to 20 minutes of sleep, after which the patient feels refreshed, at least briefly. They can occur at inappropriate times (e.g., while eating, talking, or driving and during sex). The REM sleep includes Hypnogogic and Hypnopompic hallucinations, cataplexy, and sleep paralysis. The appearance of REM sleep within 10 minutes of sleep onset (sleep-onset REM periods) is also considered evidence of narcolepsy. The disorder can be dangerous because it can lead to automobile and industrial accidents. Other symptoms include Hypnogogic or Hypnopompic hallucinations, which are vivid perceptual experiences, either auditory or visual, occurring at sleep onset or on awakening. Patients are often momentarily frightened, but within a minute or two they return to an entirely normal frame of mind and are aware that nothing was actually there. Here patient had symptoms of narcolepsy after head injury and patient himself injured his scrotum with sharp blade for which he had no clear memory and there was no history suggestive of epilepsy so diagnosis of secondary narcolepsy presenting as self-inflicted genital injury was considered.In this case, patient showed clinical features of narcolepsy as diagnosed by DSM- IV which was secondary type as there was history of multiple falls and MRI brain showed gliosis. But in this case, unusual presentation was genital self-inflicted injury. Possible reasons for genital injury are: Automatic behavior. Acting on Hypnogogic/Hypnopompic hallucinations. Due to impaired cognitive function/ judgment due to long-standing Narcolepsy. No cure exists for narcolepsy, but symptom management is possible. A regimen of forced naps at a regular time of day occasionally helps patients with narcolepsy and, in some cases, the regimen alone, without medication, can almost cure the condition. When medication is required, stimulants are most commonly used.[10] Although drug therapy is the treatment of choice, the overall therapeutic approach should include scheduled naps, lifestyle adjustment, psychological counselling, drug holidays to reduce tolerance, and careful monitoring of drug refills, general health, and cardiac status. References[D4]: 1. Narcolepsy: Clinical features, co-morbidities treatment Jeremy Peacock Ruth M. Benca Indian J Med Res 131, pp 338-349: 2010 2. Longstreth WT, Jr., Koepsell TD, Ton TG, Hendrickson AF, van Belle G. The epidemiology of narcolepsy. Sleep 2007; 30 : 13-26. 3.Tashiro T, Kanbayashi T, Iijima S, Hishakawa Y. An epidemiological study on prevalence of narcolepsy in Japanese. J Sleep Res 1992; (Suppl 1) : 228. 4. Bourgin P, Zeitzer JM, Mignot E. CSF hypocretin-1 assessment in sleep and neurological disorders. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7 : 649-62 5. Krahn LE, Pankratz VS, Oliver L, Boeve BF et al, Narcoleptic and schizophrenic hallucinations. Implications for differential diagnosis and pathophysiology. Eur J Health Econ. 2002; 3 (Suppl 2) : S94-8. 6. Bourgin P, Zeitzer JM, Mignot E. CSF hypocretin-1 assessment in sleep and neurological disorders. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7 :649-62. 7. Christian R. Baumann MD, Claudio L. Bassetti MD, Philipp O. Valko MD, Johannes Haybaeck MD,et al Loss of hypocretin (orexin) neurons with traumatic brain injury. 8. Joshua A. Israel and Kewchang, Lee Article first published online: Amphetamine usage and genital self-mutilation. 2002 DOI:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00230.x 9. MartinT. ·GattazW.F, Psychiatric Aspects of Male Genital Self-Mutilation.Psychopathology; 24:170–178,1991. 10. synopsis of psychiatry 10th edition Case series of genital mutilation :The Journal of Urology150(4):1143-1146] 1993. [D1]1 Provide appropriate messages of about 35-50 words to be printed in centre box [D2]1 Please include why this case is unique. If it is rare, how rare, how many cases have been reported. [D3]1 Include the tables/charts at appropriate places in the text it self. Do not include images in the text. Mark the point of insertion of images (e.g. Figure 1) along with the legends. Send the images separately as jpeg files (not larger than 100 kb each) [D4]1 Follow the punctuation marks carefully. Do not include unnecessary bibliographic elements such as issue number, month of publication, etc. Include names of six authors followed by et al if there are more than six authors.

Joan of Arc Essay -- Biography History Biographies Essays

Joan of Arc The effect of Joan of Arc can be best understood and explained by looking at some of the events surrounding her birth and childhood. She was born in the later half of the Hundred Years’ War. The war was between France and England, which began over the land and control of Aquitaine, located in the southern part of France. Both countries had made legitimate claims of the land, but the dispute was unresolved and war was declared. The war was mainly fought in France and by 1429, England had gained a great portion of France. Joan also entered the world at a time that there was a lot of turmoil not only in her country but also within the church. At this time the Christian theology was not catering enough to the nobility or to the needs of the townspeople. Many were upset and wanted to instill a different type of church. The people became upset with the clergy because they were unaware of or involved in their society. So in order to expel the church leaders and those that st ood in their way, rumors of heresy and accusations were thrown. The church began to spiral into much upheaval. Commoners were accusing priests and clergy of heresy and thus weakening the church and their message. So when Joan was born into a town that was associated with a large group of witches and heretics, rumors began to spread about her also. Joan of Arc can be seen through the eyes of two very different of thinking. One would be that she was a witch and possessed, and the other would be that she was a true saint. Joan of Arc was born at Domremy in Champagne most likely on January 6, 1412. Jacques d’Arc was Joan’s father and he was a poor peasant farmer. Joan was the youngest of a family of five, and was rather uneducated. She, however, was skilled in sewing and spinning. Joan’s family was also very religious and when she was about thirteen and a half; she became aware of her manifestations, which came to her in forms of voices. She recognized these voices later as St. Michael, St. Catherine. St. Margaret, and others. However, Joan was ever so reluctant to speak of her voices to anyone. She gradually learned that she was chosen by God to unite France and to give aid to Dauphin Charles, who she believed was to be King of France. She waited until she was about sixteen to act upon her voices because she had been too scared and meek at age fourteen... ...nized and declared a saint. â€Å"Today she is recognized as the second patron saint of France† (McKay 390). It is interesting to me that a girl of just sixteen could have such an enormous impact. Her patriotism to her country and her unbelievable deep faith is something to be admired. I feel Joan of Arc was a true Saint sent by God to save France from England. God used a child to do his will because of her pure heart. Her victories stand out more to me because of her age and she was a woman. These two elements combined would have made it impossible for France to listen to her, but by God’s will she was able to accomplish much for her country. Works Cited: Cunneen, Sally. â€Å"Joan of Arc.† The Christian Century 24 May 2000: 611. Knight, Kevin. â€Å"St. Joan of Arc.† New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia 8th ed. 1999. McCarthy, Todd. Rev. of â€Å"The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc.† Variety 1 Nov. 1999: 87. McKay, John P. A History of Western Society. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1999. Monet, Jacques. â€Å"Joan of Arc: Her Life.† Theological Studies Sept. 2000: 561. The Divine Joan of Arc. 2000 Visual Presence. Nov. 6, 2000 http://www.godecookery.com/jeanne/jeannet.htm.

Wireless Technology Proposal

Starting a business can be challenging as well as rewarding. Implementing the use of modern, relevant technology will help promote success within the business. Wireless devices can be used to help with achieving and maintaining that success. There is a vast array of wireless devices available to choose from. It is important to know which of these would be most useful for the party plate business. With research, it has been determined that party plates would benefit most from modern cell phones and the Apple IPAD.We recommend that each employee be provided a cellular phone and also an Apple IPAD for business purposes. Attached is a detailed proposal that addresses the pro’s and cons of incorporating these two devices. We will justify the decision of choosing the devices and our research and data will break down the economical concerns associated with implementing this plan of action. In conjunction with my team, we have deliberated and decided upon two wireless technologies tha t would be beneficial to administer in the Party Plates organization.We have decided to implement the usefulness of Apple iPads & Blackberry phones into our company to streamline business. The iPad offers apps that eliminate paper-based processes that give you realtime information, and improve efficiency of common office activities. iPad gives you immediate access to important files. Utilizing easytouse business apps on iPad, you can review and edit Microsoft Office and iWork files, fine-tune presentations, and annotate PDFs. iPads allows you to continue working on important projects even when you’re away from your desk.Using an iPad simplifies all your business-critical tasks, whether it’s managing inventory, tracking shipments, or invoicing clients. With iPad and apps from the App Store, get equipped with ready-to-go solutions to keep your operations on course. iPad is also an incredible mobile sales tool to help you manage all your customer relationships. With its w ireless connectivity, iPad gives you on-the-spot access to your CRM database for customer information, sales data, and task lists.In addition to the iPad, our team chose to incorporate the Blackberry phone as a wireless mobile device as well. The advantages of giving your employees a blackberry as a business device allows users to make phone calls, send emails, look at and send documents, text messages and pictures, and record and listen to voicemails from anywhere in the world. The business benefits of these devices have led some companies to purchase a plan for every employee. This has led some companies to see an increase in employee efficiency and happiness.With a company Blackberry, an employee can conduct business when outside of the office. Mobile access to communications and information helps you respond promptly to inquiries and address customer concerns immediately, enhancing their satisfaction. Access to up-to-date information helps you capitalize on business opportunitie s virtually whenever and wherever they arise. Technology has many benefits to a business; however there are also many potential disadvantages. One important benefit for a bus to use wireless technology is to save money.Wireless Technology regulates the need for employees to come into the office. For example, if there is a meeting that would involve several employees in different locations it would save the company money to not have to pay for travel expenses. It is an advantage for employees to use their company phones. Wireless communication increases communication by receiving information faster. Wireless communication allows employees to be easy to contact when on the move. Most of all there is no need for cords.On the negative side of wireless technology, many businesses depend on electronic systems and operation for the company can come to an immediate standstill if the software crashes or the system goes down. Second, software is constantly changing and needing upgrading and t echnical support could be time consuming. Security can be an issue; unauthorized people can attack wireless technology. The mobile speed is not as fast as a desktop computer, and sometimes servicing can be expensive. As our business Party Plates continues to emerge we will continue to require advancement in our technology.Wireless technology plays a huge role in the way we facilitate our day to day business. Some of the latest additions to our wireless devices are such as the cell phone and I-pad. These wireless devices will ensure our employees not only have a variety but flexibility alike. Our management team and sales associates are finding it not only convenient but it helps with their overall productivity of our products for several reasons. First, wireless technology allows our employees the opportunity to be productive and use their time that was formerly being wasted.A good example would be, most employees commute to work on public transportation. The commute allows them the time to research new and innovate ways and ideas to help continue the growth of our company or complete unfinished assignments. Secondly, because our employees or able to take their devices with them, their work locations are much more flexible. Another great advantage to upgrading to wireless technology is that it allows our employees the opportunity to allocate their work time around their personal obligations.The following is a spreadsheet to track hardware and software requirements. In conclusion, you can see the company will successfully meet goals, and provide a more substantial way of communication for all staff. After carefully reviewing the operation of Party Plates a modern relevant and sufficient technology to consider are cell phones and the up to date IPAD 2. Our team would gladly assist your company to moving forward with a wireless way of communication. Reference: http://us. blackberry. com/business/types/small/SolutionsBrochure_V5. pdf

Know the Different Types of Exam Questions

Know the Different Types of Exam Questions Exam Questions: Understanding the Different Types Most exams are generally made up of different question types. Before starting to study for an exam, try to establish what genre of questions you can expect. Check all course and exam materials. Consult your tutor or lecturer if anything is not clear. This article provides some useful tips on studying for an exam and how to approach the most common question types. Answering Computational or Problem-Type Questions Questions in these categories involve solving problems with the use of calculations. If you are studying or preparing to answer computational or problem-style questions, you should: Familiarize yourself with the terminology, theories, vocabulary and any applicable formulas. Additionally you should know when and how to apply the latter. Try and get some previous exam papers to use for practice or you may find something in your course notes, texts, materials, and so on. Try answering questions of this type in their entirety and in the same manner as you would in an exam situation. Answering Essay Questions The answers to essay questions should be structured in a similar manner to any essay or scholarly report. These answers can range in length from a few short paragraphs to several pages. Reference lists will not be needed, but all sources should be acknowledged. The allocation of marks is often an indication of how long the essay should be. If you are studying or preparing to answer essay-type questions, you should: Look at previous exam papers, revision-style questions, or already-graded assignments to try to work out what questions you might get. However, you should make sure there have been no changes to the format or content of a particular style of exam. Try to write some model or ‘practice’ answers. Try practicing. For instance, you could try writing different answers as though you were in an exam situation. This involves developing an answer plan and getting your thoughts onto paper at exam speed. Things to remember when you are answering essay-type questions in an actual exam: Firstly, read and analyze every question in a meticulous manner until you are certain you understand the requirements. Do a little brainstorming to generate ideas and create an answer plan. You may find mind mapping or similar techniques helpful for this step. Write down a few keywords/phrases. Say, for instance, there are four or five key points to your answer. Make a note of these with a few keywords for every point. Your answer should begin with a brief rephrasing (in your own words) of the question. Every main point, topic or idea should be given a new paragraph. Every point should be supported with reasoning, examples and/or tangible results. Leave some space (a couple of lines) between paragraphs because you may wish to add more or new information later. With essay questions/answers, it is essential to remain within the time allocated to you. An excessive amount of time on one question can leave you short of time for subsequent questions. If you find yourself short of time, write down some key ideas and words to let the examiner know the direction you were going in. This may earn you a few extra marks. Additionally, leave plenty margin space for the exam marker. Try to make your writing as neat as possible and do your best to do some proofreading as you proceed.Answering Multiple-Choice Type Questions A multiple-choice question is made up of the first part of a sentence – known as the stem – or a full question and several (generally three to five) answer options. Those taking the test or exam are then required to select the answer they know or believe to be correct from the list of options. The allocation of marks indicates the amount of time you should devote to individual questions. If you are studying or preparing to answer multiple-choice questions, you should focus on: Names Factual details Terminology Theories and concepts, and any examples that underpin them Likenesses and differences. Things to remember when you are answering multiple-choice questions in an actual exam: Before answering any questions, read quickly through all of them and the answer options. Mark out any questions you are unsure of so that you can return to them if time permits. Answer those questions you are confident about first. After that try the other questions. Begin by marking off those answers you know to be incorrect. It is a good idea to look out for negative options in questions e.g. â€Å"which of the following are not †¦?† Do not change first answers unless you are sure. First instincts are usually correct. Stay within the time allowed to you. If time runs out and you have not answered some questions, leave them or take a guess at them. If possible, all questions should be answered even if some answers are guesswork. You just might be correct if you select an option. In some cases, however, you can lose marks for incorrect answers so be sure you understand the instructions before beginning. Answering with Short Answer Type Questions As the name suggests, these types of questions require relatively short answers, ranging from a few well-chosen words to one or two paragraphs. The allocation of marks is often an indication of how long the answer should be. If you are studying or preparing to answer short answer exam questions, you should focus on: Names Factual details Terminology Theories and concepts, and any examples that underpin them Likenesses and differences. Things to remember when you are dealing with short answer questions in an actual exam: Answers should be planned before writing commences. Answers should be brief. Questions should not be rewritten and there is no need to provide more details than the requested amount. Time may run out and you will not earn any additional marks. Do your best to answer all questions. Highlight those questions you are not sure about and return to them if time allows at the end.

The Greek Hero vs The AngloSaxon Hero Essay Example

The Greek Hero vs The AngloSaxon Hero Essay Example The Greek Hero vs The AngloSaxon Hero Essay The Greek Hero vs The AngloSaxon Hero Essay The Greek Hero vs.The Anglo-Saxon Hero The hero stands as an archetype of who we should be and who we wish to be. However, the hero has inherent flaws which we do not wish to strive towards.In literature, these flaws are not used as examples of what we should be but rather as examples of what not to be.This is especially dominant in the Greek hero. While the Greek hero follows his fate, making serious mistakes and having a fairly simple life, the Anglo-Saxon super hero tries, and may succeed, to change his fate, while dealing with a fairly complex life. The Greek hero is strong and mighty while his wit and intelligence are highly valued.In the Greek tragedy, the hero struggles to avoid many flaws.Among these flaws are ambition, foolishness, stubbornness, and hubris-the excessive component of pride.He must overcome his predestined fate-a task which is impossible.From the beginning of the tale, it is already clear that the hero will ultimately failwith the only way out being death.In Oedipus, the hero is already confronted with a load of information about his family and gouges his eyes out.At this point, when he tries to outwit his fate he has already lost The Anglo-Saxon hero must also deal with his fate but tries, and usually succeeds, to change it.While the Greek hero battles his fate with his excessive pride and intelligence, the Anglo-Saxon hero tries to eliminate his doom by force.The Anglo-Saxon hero is considered a barbarian of sorts due to his sometimes unethical and immoral views and courses of action.At the end, the Anglo-Saxon succeeds in altering his fate though. The Greek hero is so normal, that the reader can relate to him.He is usually a common human being with no extraordinary life. His story seems believable, even possible.

Oil Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Oil Markets - Essay Example This essay looks at the historical of price changes in the oil industry and the influence of market fundamentals. James Smith shares a perspective of trends in the oil prices and takes back to the spell between 1874 and 1974. He argues that during this time the prices of oil were characterized by a stable market (Smith, 2009). During the time, a barrel of oil ranged between $10-$20 (Smith, 2009). This period can be explained to have had a stable supply of crude oil that was accessible even to the remotest nations of the world. Therefore, given the market was with no movement, the price elasticity of demand was insignificant and thus the stable prices. After the ‘golden era,’ the world has experienced insurmountable boom and burst in the economies. The world achieved tremendous progress in the early 18th Century. During this time, the prices of crude oil were relatively low given that the supply was steady. However, the price of oil have increased since and resulted in the worst crisis in the world. The world experienced the great depression in mid-18th century. This was a result of decreased production of crude oil as a result of the war in the Middle East. And given that price elasticity of demand a minimum reduction in supply lead to an increased rise in the price of oil. The 1970s saw the price range between $12 to and $ 53 per barrel and shoot to $ 75 per barrel in 1981 (Smith, 2009). In the subsequent years, the prices continued to drop until it lowest at $12 per barrel in December 2008. However, in July the same year the price has risen to $ 145 (Smith, 2009). At the end of the same year had the price at $40 for a barrel (Smith, 2009). Smith cites a number of economic circumstances behind the trend in prices. There are a large number of factors that prompt changes in the global market for crude oil. The 20th century has witnessed increased and declined consumption of oil at the same time. James Hamilton

Explain the Balance-of-Payments BoP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Explain the Balance-of-Payments BoP - Essay Example This definition provides the fundamental relationship between BoP and the foreign exchange market. Foreign exchange is considered as a transaction made by citizens, organizations and businesses within a country with foreigners, hence, it is included in the national summary to keep track and calculate transactions with other countries. Specifically, the foreign exchange market creates a demand for foreign currency in addition to a supply of the domestic currency in the forex market. Gwartney et al. explains that since the foreign exchange market will bring quantity demanded and quantity supplied into balance, it will also bring the total debits and total credits into balance† (420). Foreign exchange is different from a simple demand for money. When country demands money it means people of such country require or demand money they would be able to hold and use. In foreign exchange, the currency is treated like a product being transacted, wherein the demand for such currency means that one is offering another within a form of exchange. In an open economy, particularly, the balance of payments surpluses and deficits are considered equivalent to imports and exports of domestic currency, which means the internal disparities that arise between the demand for and supply of money are correctable through the balance of payments (Riesenhuber 285). This is best depicted within the fixed exchange rate regime. In a fixed exchange rate regime, a country’s Central Bank has control over the exchange rate. This is achieved through the readiness of the bank to purchase or sell its home currency at a specific rate when required. Marin used the case of the United Kingdom as an example: There is a UK balance of payments surplus so that there is an excess demand for ?, the Bank of England has to sell ? in order to mop up the excess demand which (like any other demand) would otherwise cause a rise in the foreign exchange price of the ?, i.e. an appreciation (Marin 149). I n the fixed foreign exchange rate, the government involvement or actions can induce changes and affect certain variables such as those that make up the balance of payments (i.e. the balance of goods movements). Most of the foreign exchange markets and regulatory regimes use this model because of the recognized need for the government’s role in stabilizing fluctuations. The fixed-rate regime is also being made imperative by explicit balance of payment policies, which favor managed flexibility especially on the need to insulate the domestic economy from foreign disturbances (Arize 177). In Free Floating Exchange Rate Regimes, the Central Bank or similar authority is not involved in the foreign exchange market. It is determined freely by the demand for, and the supply of, foreign currencies by private parties (Arize 177). The transactions that transpire are reflected in the balance of payments of a country as is, without any correction made. 2. Explain the so-called â€Å"inter est-parity† condition and use this to discuss the effects of a country’s monetary expansion on its interest rate, exchange rate, and output (hence employment) when this policy is: