Biography of Frances Willard, Temperance Leader

Frances Willard (September 28, 1839–February 17, 1898) was one of the best-known and most influential women of her day and headed  the Womens Christian Temperance Union from 1879 to 1898. She was also the first dean of women at Northwestern University.  Her image  appeared on a 1940 postage stamp and she was the  first woman represented in Statuary Hall at the U.S. Capitol Building. Fast Facts: Frances Willard Known For: Womens rights and temperance leaderAlso Known As: Frances Elizabeth Caroline Willard, St. FrancesBorn: September 28, 1839 in Churchville, New YorkParents: Josiah Flint Willard, Mary Thompson Hill WillardDied: February 17, 1898 in New York CityEducation: Northwestern Female CollegePublished Works:  Woman and temperance, or the work and workers of the Womans Christian Temperance Union, Glimpses of fifty years: The autobiography of an American woman, Do everything: A handbook for the worlds white ribboners, How to Win: A Book for Girls, Woman in the Pulpit, A Wheel within a Wheel: How I Learned to Ride the BicycleAwards and Honors:  Namesake for many schools and organizations; named to the National Womens Hall of FameNotable Quote: If women can organize missionary societies, temperance societies, and every kind of charitable organization...why not permit them to be ordained to preach the Gospel and administer the sacraments of the Church? Early Life Frances Willard was born on September 28, 1839, in Churchville, New York, a farming community. When she was 3, the family moved to Oberlin, Ohio, so that her father could study for the ministry at Oberlin College. In 1846 the family moved again, this time to Janesville, Wisconsin, for her fathers health. Wisconsin became a state in 1848, and Josiah Flint Willard, Frances father, was a member of the legislature. There, while Frances lived on a family farm in the West, her brother was her playmate and companion. Frances Willard dressed as a boy and was known to friends as Frank. She preferred to avoid womens work such as housework, preferring more active play. Frances Willards mother had also been educated at Oberlin College, in a time when few women studied at the college level. Frances mother educated her children at home until the town of Janesville established its own schoolhouse in 1883. Frances, in her turn, enrolled in the Milwaukee Seminary, a respected school for women teachers. Her father wanted her to transfer to a Methodist school, so Frances and her sister Mary went to Evanston College for Ladies in Illinois. Her brother studied at Garrett Biblical Institute in Evanston, preparing for the Methodist ministry. Her entire family moved at that time to Evanston.  Frances graduated in 1859 as valedictorian.   Romance? In 1861, Frances got engaged to Charles H. Fowler, then a divinity student, but she broke off the engagement the next year despite pressure from her parents and brother.  She wrote later in her autobiography, referring to her own journal notes at the time of the breaking of the engagement, In 1861 to 62, for three-quarters of a year I wore a ring and acknowledged an allegiance based on the supposition that an intellectual comradeship was sure to deepen into a unity of heart. How grieved I was over the discovery of my mistake the journals of that epoch could reveal.  She was, she said in her journal at the time, afraid of her future if she did not marry, and she was unsure shed find another man to marry. Her autobiography reveals that there was a real romance of my life, saying that she would be glad to have it known only after her death, for I believe it might contribute to a better understanding between good men and women.  It may be that her romantic interest was in a teacher who she describes in her journals; if so, the relationship may have been broken up by the jealousy of a female friend. Teaching Career Frances Willard taught at a variety of institutions for almost 10 years, while her diary records her thinking about womens rights and what role she could play in the world in making a difference for women. Frances Willard went on a world tour with her friend Kate Jackson in 1868 and returned to Evanston to become head of Northwestern Female College, her alma mater under its new name. After that school merged into Northwestern University as the Womans College of that university, Frances Willard was appointed Dean of Women of the Womans College in 1871 and a professor of Aesthetics in the Universitys Liberal Arts college. In 1873, she attended the National Womens Congress and made connections with many womens rights activists on the East Coast. Womens Christian Temperance Union By 1874, Willards ideas had clashed with those of the university president, Charles H. Fowler, the same man to whom she had been engaged in 1861. The conflicts escalated, and in March 1874, Frances Willard chose to leave the university.  She had become involved in temperance work and accepted the job of president of the Chicago Womens Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). She became the corresponding secretary of the Illinois WCTU in October of that year. The following month while attending the national WCTU convention as a Chicago delegate, she became the corresponding secretary of the national WCTU, a position that required frequent travel and speaking. From 1876, she also headed up the WCTU publications committee. Willard was also associated briefly with evangelist Dwight Moody, although she was disappointed when she realized he only wanted her to speak to women. In 1877, she resigned as president of the Chicago organization. Willard had come into some conflict with national WCTU president Annie Wittenmyer over Willards push to get the organization to endorse woman suffrage as well as temperance, and so Willard also resigned from her positions with the national WCTU. Willard began lecturing for woman suffrage. In 1878, Willard won the presidency of the Illinois WCTU, and the next year, she became president of the national WCTU, following Annie Wittenmyer. Willard remained president of the national WCTU until her death. In 1883, Frances Willard was one of the founders of the Worlds WCTU. She supported herself with lecturing until 1886, when the WCTU granted her a salary. Frances Willard also participated in the founding of the National Council of Women in 1888 and served one year as its first president. Organizing Women As head of the first national organization in America for women, Frances Willard endorsed the idea that the organization should do everything. That meant to work not only for temperance, but also for womens suffrage, social purity (protecting young girls and other women sexually by raising the age of consent, establishing rape laws, holding male customers equally responsible for prostitution violations, etc.), and other social reforms. In fighting for temperance, she depicted the liquor industry as ridden with crime and corruption. She described men who drank alcohol as victims for succumbing to the temptations of liquor. Women, who had few legal rights to divorce, child custody, and financial stability, were described as the ultimate victims of liquor. But Willard did not see women primarily as victims. While coming from a separate spheres vision of society and valuing womens contributions as homemakers and child educators as equal to mens in the public sphere, she also promoted womens right to choose to participate in the public sphere. She endorsed womens right to become ministers and preachers as well. Frances Willard remained a staunch Christian, rooting her reform ideas in her faith. She disagreed with the criticism of religion and the Bible by other suffragists like Elizabeth Cady Stanton, though Willard continued to work with such critics on other issues. Racism Controversy In the 1890s, Willard tried to gain support in the white community for temperance by raising fears that alcohol and black mobs were a threat to white womanhood.  Ida B. Wells, the great anti-lynching advocate, had shown by documentation that most lynchings were defended by such myths of attacks on white women, while the motivations were usually instead economic competition. Lynch denounced Willards comments as racist and debated her on a trip to England in 1894. Significant Friendships Lady Somerset of England was a close friend of Frances Willard, and Willard spent time at her home resting from her work. Anna Gordon was Willards private secretary and her living and traveling companion for her last 22 years. Gordon succeeded to the presidency of the Worlds WCTU when Frances died. She mentions a secret love in her diaries, but it was never revealed who the person was. Death While preparing to leave for New England in New York City, Willard contracted influenza and died on February 17, 1898. (Some sources point to pernicious anemia, the source of several years of ill health.) Her death was met with national mourning: flags in New York, Washington, D.C., and Chicago were flown at half-staff, and thousands attended services where the train with her remains stopped on its way back to Chicago and her burial in Rosehill Cemetery. Legacy A rumor for many years was that Frances Willards letters had been destroyed by her companion Anna Gordon at or before Willards death.  But her diaries, though lost for many years, were rediscovered in the 1980s in a cupboard at the Frances E. Willard Memorial Library at the Evanston headquarters of the NWCTU.  Also found there were letters and many scrapbooks that had not been known until then.  Her journals and diaries number 40 volumes, which has provided a wealth of primary resource material for biographers.  The journals cover her younger years (age 16 to 31) and two of her later years (ages 54 and 57). Sources â€Å"Biography.†Ã‚  Frances Willard House Museum Archives.The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. â€Å"Frances Willard.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 14 Feb. 2019.

Essay on Why are We Obsessed with Celebrities - 551 Words

Do you ever look in the mirror, pose and say WOW! Im so Beyoncà ©. Or wonder what Brad Pitt would be eating for breakfast? Or ponder whether Miley Cyrus could ever afford proper clothes? Celebrities have become a central fixation in our lives that we often forget to live our own. We idolize them, follow their every move and treat them as modern day demi gods. (PAUSE) Celebrity has become synonymous with cynosure. And no cynosure doesn’t mean an attention seeking hotshot who is willing to do anything for fame. It is a person that becomes the centre of our admiration and attention due to their brilliance. Is it just me or the thesaurus has got it wrong. Our modern day obsession with celebrities raises the question between respect for sheer†¦show more content†¦Rarely do talented individuals have the chance of being famous unless they have created a personal brand. This brand does not necessarily mean talent but the ability to swivel heads, spark gossip and create an explosion on social media. In the music industry, people normally would pay attention to the voice of the singer and the lyrics. Presenting, the number one song on US billboard hot singles 2010.Turn me up x4 yeah x4. (PAUSE) Does that stir your soul? Move you into ecstasies never before experienced? Jam Turn me up, the very first single by Kim Kardashian, sold 14, 000 copies in the first 5 days. It’s not like she was called ‘the worst singer of reality TV’ or anything. does talent matter when it comes to people as cynosure as Kardashians? NO! It’s their fame that counts. In our social media immersed world talent has become extremely subjective. Everyone who has access to YouTube can be deemed celebrity. The fair few celebrities who have become the cynosure of our existence keep us entertained by providing us the chance to become observers who live vicariously through them. Living out our own dreams of fame yearning, ‘giving up’ our own interests and goals in life. welcome to the 21st century. Now this is not to say that all celebrities’ have no talent, but what is the point of being celebrity obsessed wIth individuals whose fame depends on the controversie s they create not the talent they encompass. (PAUSE) I leave this for you to think about, why are weShow MoreRelatedIs Celebrity Worshipping Destroying Our Society?961 Words   |  4 PagesIs Celebrity Worshiping Damaging to Our Society? We all have a favorite celebrity that we like and follow from time to time. But, when does admiration for a celebrity stop and adoration begin? Is it possible to be obsessed with someone you have never met? The answer is yes! Celebrity worship is a type of parasocial relationship, in which a person can become captivated with one or more celebrities. To the point where celebrity worship has become an obsession. 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Special Effects Essay Research Paper Special EffectsWritten free essay sample

Particular Effectss Essay, Research Paper Particular Effectss Written by: Brett Amato Particular effects in gesture images has evolved over the old ages into an involved scientific discipline of semblance and ocular thaumaturgy. The followers is a comprehensive position picturing the quickly spread outing kingdom of filming. In times of old, particular effects in films was limited to an single # 8217 ; s creativeness and the constricting bounds of the tools available. However the consequences of early particular effects Masterss astounded audiences in their age in the same mode that modern creative persons do today. The ability to make an consequence that was trade name new was, and still is, the key to the industry. Techniques range from the expected to the bizarre in order to accomplish a certain image or semblance. Cameramans in the early 1950ss would utilize a black cloth background with white pigment splattered off of toothpicks to imitate a infinite scene in the many science-fiction films made in that epoch. We will write a custom essay sample on Special Effects Essay Research Paper Special EffectsWritten or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There is besides narratives of a common home base being thrown across a # 8220 ; infinite # 8221 ; background to emulate a winging disk in mid-flight. Although the particular effects individuals of old were strapped with bounds, one of these was non make-up. They relied to a great extent on this prop to portray the many monsters and foreigners in their movies. # 8220 ; Nosferatu # 8221 ; a German movie about the lamia with the same name was a immense success even in America, where 1000s marveled at the intricate particularization of the blood-sucker # 8217 ; s razor-like dentitions, pouching eyes and a pointed olfactory organ and ears. # 8220 ; The Animal from the Black Lagoon # 8221 ; used a slightly new technique of a organic structure suit that the histrion wore along with a mask made of latex gum elastic and froth. Using cooking oil or butter spread on the organic structure and mask gave an sweetening of sliminess added to the monster image. A reasonably recent movie utilizing heavy make-up effects is # 8220 ; An American Werewolf in London # 8221 ; done by the maestro make-up creative person Rick Baker who shows what can be done with a steady manus and a batch of forbearance. Another popular fast one used was strings to pull strings illumination objects. Frequently used in the scientific discipline fiction epoch to demo ballistic capsule or other objects in flight was thin strings attached to illuminations. Audiences did notice the obvious strings but it did non affair at the clip because it was province of the art. The following major discovery in the effects universe was stop-motion life. A procedure by which objects were filmed for a really short period ( 3 or 4 frames ) being altered or moved really somewhat at each interval of # 8220 ; cuts # 8221 ; . # 8220 ; King Kong # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; I was a adolescent wolfman # 8221 ; popularized this time-consuming procedure but was worth the consequences. The adolescent wolfman plan used it to demo the unfortunate male child transforming into a ramping animal. At each cut interval the particular effects # 8220 ; crew # 8221 ; ( normally the manufacturer and a make-up specializer ) would add a small spot more hair to the histrion # 8217 ; s face. When finished, the semblance of turning hair was achieved, although it was jerky. The ground for the jerky consequence is that when utilizing stop-motion the histrion and camera must be kept every bit still as possible. If non, when entering resumes the histrion is non in the same topographic point as when entering was halted earlier. The consequence when screening are # 8220 ; jumps # 8221 ; where the histrion or object moves immediately taking off from the image attempted. # 8220 ; King Kong # 8221 ; the narrative of the elephantine ape in the Big Apple was radical in that it used an early signifier of stop-motion life utilizing clay theoretical accounts ( claymation ) every bit good as a new process called super imposing which would alter particular effects everlastingly. Super imposing in King Kong was created with two physical tapes that were cut apart under magnification. One half ( the underside ) incorporating existent histrions and lt ;< p>actresses while the other top half contained Kong and the stop-motion life. When specially glued together their was an full audience gasping at the immense ape on phase. This was merely done in a brief section of the film due to the trouble. All subsequently movies integrating ace imposure used the more common blue-screen that can take two filmstrips and put one as a background while the other incorporating the person/object is filmed in forepart of a blue-screen that is the canvas for redacting the background movie over it utilizing a simple computing machine plan. # 8220 ; Star Trek # 8221 ; the popular sci-fi telecasting show of the 60 # 8217 ; s and 70 # 8217 ; s used largely ace imposure in it # 8217 ; s particular effects. George Lucas # 8217 ; # 8220 ; Star Wars # 8221 ; trilogy of gesture images was a cinematic chef-doeuvre that set the benchmark for particular effects in films. About 10 old ages in front of it # 8217 ; s clip, # 8220 ; Star Wars # 8221 ; did non present anything new to filming and was uncanny at how popular it became as a ocular effects movie. Industrial Light A ; Magic led and owned by Lucas took bing techniques, analyzed them exhaustively and fine-tuned them in any manner possible. His movies use stop-motion, ace imposing, masks, makeup, elaborately elaborate theoretical account illuminations, animatronics and lighting/pyrotechnic effects. Lucas plants have gone down in history and said to be the best particular effects films of all time. Deriving immense popularity worldwide for it # 8217 ; s ocular effects, it has attracted a immense cult following mostly due to this. An irregular method of ocular imagination is a method called animatronics where steel and plastic # 8220 ; skeletons # 8221 ; are made to copy animate beings, normally. Bantam motors or # 8220 ; servos # 8221 ; are so attached to copy the animate beings musculuss to travel the skeleton and do it walk. Next, many hollow gum elastic tubings are attached to different parts of the skeleton. At the terminals of these tubings are either flexible joints or nail down that respond to force per unit area. When the operator squeezes the bulb, the nog or flexible joints respond by opening or widening. When attached to certain parts of the skeleton, the face for case, many fluctuations in gesture can be achieved depending on how many their are. Finally the skeleton is covered with pelt and embroidering to try at the form of a peculiar animate being. Although the consequences are rather impressive, the drawbacks of this method are that it is outrageously expensive, and two skilled operators are needed to work it to capacity. One does organic structure gesture while the other focal points on facial looks. The films # 8220 ; Jaws # 8221 ; , # 8220 ; Babe # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; Jumanji # 8221 ; used animatronics. The concluding revolution in particular effects has come. The computing machine age has touched the film universe and made a immense impact. Literally anything is possible with the aid of computing machines. Using package and hardware costing in the 100s of 1000s of dollars, 3D mesh object renditions are go forthing all other techniques in the yesteryear. CGI, which stands for Computer Generated Imaging, is the latest manner to acquire precisely what film companies want in their movies. Flawless in visual aspect and disputing existent objects the spectator is frequently left flustered as to if what they are seeing is existent or computing machine generated. Industry giants in this latest technique include Lucas # 8217 ; ILM every bit good as Pacific Data Images. Movies utilizing chiefly CGI include, # 8220 ; Independence Day # 8221 ; , # 8220 ; Terminator 2 # 8243 ; and, of class, # 8220 ; Jurassic Park # 8221 ; . Particular effects have played an indispensable function in the gesture image experience for over 70 old ages and with good ground. Whether it be a home base being thrown across the screen or a computing machine generated Star Destroyer, a clay ape on a composition board Empire State Building or a T-Rex thwacking his caput on the side of your landrover, the art of film semblance will merely discontinue to turn when our heads do.

Taming Of The Shrew Humor Essays - The Taming Of The Shrew, Operas

Taming Of The Shrew Humor In The Taming of the Shrew, Shakespeare creates humour through his characters by creating false realities (as demonstrated by Petruchio's behaviour and attire in the scene of his wedding) and by the use of subterfuge and mistaken identity (shown in the final scenes with the transformation of Kate and Bianca's respective personas). He also uses irony quite extensively, especially towards the end of the play (as can be seen in the final ?wager' scene). The concept that ?things are not always as they seem' is quite evident in the events surrounding, and including, Petruchio's wedding ceremony. This particular scene in the play demonstrates how the use of false realities (a real situation falsely presented in order to deliberately deceive) can be used to create humour. Biondello describes Petruchio's appearance to Baptista, and by doing so sets up the expectations of the audience. He says that Petruchio comes wearing: New hat and old jerkin; a pair of old breeches thrice turned; a pair of boots that have been candle-cases, one buckled another laced; an old rusty sworde...with a broken hilt and chapeless; his horse hipped...with an old mothy saddle (Act III Scene II) This depiction of Petruchio conforms to Shakespeare's technique of using false realities, in order to create humour. This can also be seen in the false identity that Petruchio puts forth in his quest for dominion over Kate (that of the eccentric egomaniac). However, these false realities are not enough by themselves, as the audience has nothing to go by but what they see before them, and so they are not to know that this is not Petruchio's true personality, and so Shakespeare employs another essential element of humour: he lets the audience know what is truly transpiring, while the characters themselves remain oblivious to the truth. He does this using a soliloquy, in which Petruchio states the strategies he shall use in order to tame Kate: She ate no meat today nor none shall she eat...and as with the meat some undeserved fault I'll find about the making of the bed... This is the way to kill a wife with kindness...he that knows better how to tame a shrew, not let him speak (Act IV Scene I) This soliloquy serves to reinforce the fact that ?things are not always as they seem'. So the knowledge gleaned from this soliloquy means that we find the other events involving Kate and Petruchio even more amusing, as we can see that it is nothing more than an elaborate game of chess, instigated by Petruchio. Another example of where we find humour being generated by the fact that ?things are not always as they seem' is the relationship between Kate and Bianca. Here Shakespeare uses the device of mistaken identity and combines it with a strong sense of irony. On the outside, Kate appears harsh, cruel and frightening to all of the characters. Even her father is scared of her monstrous temper, begging anyone to marry her. Yet as her relationship with Petruchio grows, her true identity emerges and our perception of her changes. She becomes much less of a shrew, her mistaken identity, and begins to become more obsequious and agreeable, her true identity. Despite all of her outward appearances, she is truly a good person in her heart. Yet Bianca's scenario is different. She is perceived as a sweet and gentle person, a false conception, devoting herself to her studies and never wanting anything else out of life. Yet once she achieves her goal, to be married, her true self appears. She becomes quarrelsome and apathetic. She becomes almost what her sister was. It is here that Shakespeare once again creates humour through the concept that ?things are not always as they seem'. The irony that comes from seeing the reversal of characteristics and the drastic change in our perceptions of Kate and Bianca provide a sense of amusement, and self-righteous satisfaction at the way the tides have turned. An example of this is in the final scene where Petruchio and Lucentio place a wager on the obedience of their wives (Kate and Bianca respectively). Of course Lucentio loses due to Bianca's disobedience and near-contempt for her husband, while Petruchio and his newly transformed Kate, proceed to win a wager that according to the plot of the play to date, Bianca and Lucentio should have won without question. These scenes were all significant in that they used a wide variety of techniques, such as creating false realities and mistaken identities, as well as the

Evaluation of Microprocessor free essay sample

Many of these challenges will involve the need for tringent static control procedures from wafer fabrication facilities all the way through to computer rooms and any space where electronic devices are handled, stored or used. Ted Dangelmayer, a leading authority on ESD, says this rapid advance of technology and the associated design constraints are producing devices with ever increasing sensitivity to ESD. A recent benchmarking study of integrated circuit suppliers indicated that ESD will be one of the top three reliability concerns within the next five years and already is with certain products. Static discharge is certainly not a new phenomenon to the computer industry. For years static has been documented as a significant contributor to serious problems, including computer freeze-ups, loss of data, dropped phone calls and, in the worst cases, head crashes, failures of semiconductors and ultimately shutdowns of mission critical operations involving computer and telephony equipment used in military and health and safety applications. We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluation of Microprocessor or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Static problems are particularly acute in hospitals, server rooms, 9-1-1 call centers and flight control towers. And the introduction of the next generation of faster more sensitive components will only elevate these concerns. The combination of the ubiquitous reliance on electronic devices and the increased sensitivity of those devices to static electricity are forcing facilities engineers to reanalyze conventional building materials and design static free environments so static cannot become a problem in the first place. Over the past 20 years ESD awareness has created an entire industry devoted to producing antistatic and conductive versions of commonplace items such as garments, plastic bins, table covering, chairs as well as floor tiles and carpeting. The good news is that it is now possible to locate and install n antistatic version of almost any building, flooring or upholstery material for a static sensitive work space. The bad news is that selecting the right material can be confusing for the novice and sometimes even for the experienced engineer or architect. http://staticcontrol. com http://credencetech. om http://3m. com/electronics ESD For example, choosing the wrong ESD flooring can be as disastrous as having no static protection at all. Understandably, it is much more expensive to remove and reinstall flooring in an occupied building than it was to install the right floor the first time. In many cases, when the wrong floor is installed its because the proper homework was not done up fron t. A substantial amount of confusion results from a general lack of knowledge about static control specifications and standards combined with confusing and/or contradictory data found on the Internet. Because of the massive amount of both reliable as well as unreliable information available on the web, facility designers often make the same common mistakes when selecting static control flooring materials. Here are seven common mistakes in choosing the right static control floor, and how to avoid them. Mistake : Confusion of Static Control Terminology There are a number of terms sellers use to describe static control flooring. Although these terms are often used as if they were synonymous, they are not interchangeable. These terms are sometimes used incorrectly in marketing materials. When terms such as conductive, dissipative, ESD and antistatic are used indiscriminately, buyers and sellers become confused. For example, a conductive floor is not the same thing as a static dissipative floor; each term describes a floor with appreciably different electrical properties. Designating a flooring material as ntistatic does not necessarily mean that that floor can be grounded; many (but not all) antistatic materials (such as low Kv carpet) inhibit static generation but lack the necessary conductivity for actual grounding. These are Just two of the more obvious abuses of technical terms. A fundamental understanding of these terms is absolutely necessary before any specification should be written. Referencing one of the numerous ESD industry glossaries should eliminate most of the confusion regarding simple terminology. In general, most experts agree that conductive flooring offers istinct advantages over static dissipative flooring. This fact should become obvious through a careful reading of the ESD Associations document ANSI/ESD S20. 20, which can be downloaded for free at www. esda. org. S20. 20 recommends a flooring footwear total system resistance of no greater than 35 megohms. This total resistance would be difficult to achieve if the flooring material, by itself, measured in the upper range of static dissipative (a material can measure as high as 1000 megohms and still be characterized as static dissipative). Additionally, if a conductive floor also exhibits ntistatic properties, it will usually meet or exceed almost any static control requirement for body voltage generation. An expanded explanation of these terms can be found in a previously published article in the Conformity archives, Taking the Mystery Out of Selecting Static Control Flooring. 178 Conformity 2007 AnnuAl Some of the more important key terms are: ESD Conductive Static Dissipative Antistatic Ground Triboelectric Series Static Generation Tribocharging ANSI/ESD S20. 20 Resistance Resistance to Ground Walking Body Voltage ANSI/ESD S 7. 1 ANSI/ ESD S 97. 1 ANSI/ESD S 97. Minimum resistance Heel strap Computer Grade flooring IBM Burroughs standard ATCC 134 test Humidity Dependence Therefore, DO familiarize yourself with basic static control terminology and specifications. Mistake #2: Not Understanding Internet Hype The Internet is only as good as the researcher doing the research. Many people assume that, if its published on the web, it must be true. Remember that any individual can publish anything on their own web site, whether the information is correct or not. An objective web site should always present both advantages and disadvantages of the arious flooring solutions. After all, no ESD flooring product is perfect or universally applicable for every application. Watch out for hyperbole and repeated platitudes. Question information that describes products that have infinite conductivity, that offers lifetime performance, or that states that any property will last forever. Beware of any buying sources or companies that do not support claims with objective references to standardized test methods that count, quantify, qualify, differentiate or somehow identify performance parameters by some objective universally accepted cale or longitudinal performance criteria. In short, if a claim seems inconsistent and too good to be true, it probably is. Specifications a re meaningless unless they are derived from respected, reliable, objective sources. Data should be scrutinized and cross-checked. In the case of ESD flooring, tests referencing ESD Association standards should always be available from an independent test lab. The two most important ESD standards for flooring are: ESD STM 97. 1-1999 Floor Materials and Footwear† Resistance Measurement in Combination With a Person. As previously tated, an upper resistance limit of 35 megohms is recommended by the authors of this document. This information should be included on any specification sheet. Stating that the flooring material will meet ANSI/ESD S20. 20 is not an adequate claim. ANSI/ ESD S20. 0 is a process document and not a test standard. ESD STM 97. 2-1999 Floor Materials and Footwear† Voltage Measurement in Combination With a Person. No ESD flooring material should allow the generation of more than 100 volts when tested in conjunction with a human body wearing controlled (conductive) footwear. When evaluating flooring for mission critical pplications, test results should also include testing involving va rious conventional footwear (athletic shoes, work boots, leather shoes etc. ), since most mission critical spaces do not mandate or monitor the type of footwear worn. When evaluating performance data, the results of independent lab reports should always be viewed as more credible than descriptive performance claims printed on sales literature. The same is true for articles or web site editorials that offer opinions and comparisons. When evaluating technical information, look for articles that originally appeared in ass some form of editorial review before they are published. So, DO look for independent test reports and ESD articles published by respected trade Journals or industry associations, including this publication, www. neena. org, and www. esda. org. Mistake #3: Using an Unfamiliar Supplier or Contractor Some buyers believe they can save money or gain technical advantages by hiring an Internet ESD flooring installer. This path is often chosen with the belief that a static control company knows more about flooring installations than a flooring contractor when in fact the opposite is ctually the case. Most general contractors would disagree with hiring an Internet contractor for any number of reasons. Other than simple grounding and the use of conductive adhesives, there is no difference between installing conventional flooring and static control flooring. In this 21st century litigious society, does it actually make sense to use a contractor with no regional office or local representation in the area of the installation? What happens if there are problems after the original Job has been completed? Who will handle ongoing installations and repairs? Very few flooring nstallations are complete after the last tile is placed or the grounding strips are bonded to building steel. Often, tiles are damaged during the moving of equipment and they must be reinstalled. The certification of electrical properties should not be finalized for at least several days after the installation is complete when the floor or adhesive is fully cured. If an out-of-the-area installer is used, who will handle warranty work? And what about insurance? It makes little sense to use a contractor who employs out-of-state workers; in some states it is acceptable for contractors to ire laborers who are not bonded and have no workers compensation insurance. What happens if those workers are injured on the Job? Other states, including West Virginia, California and Arizona, will not permit construction labor by unregistered out-of-state contractors. As with any other scope in construction, it usually makes sense to keep things as local as possible. No cost savings from hiring out-of-town labor could possibly compensate for damages from one accidental liability claim filed by an employee who has fallen because of loose floor tiles. According to the American nsurance industry, slips and falls on flooring cost over ten thousand dollars per claim and cost the insurance industry billions of dollars every year. Often, Internet contractors get hired because confused buyers view ESD flooring installation as some kind of black art. ESD floors are no more difficult to install than ceramic flooring or regular carpet and tile! In many cases, larger electronics companies actually utilize members of their own in-house facilities department for ESD flooring installation. Grounding is simple, new carbon-free conductive adhesives are easy to spread and lean-up is usually done with soap and water. A local contractor is someone who can be relied upon because he or she is interested in obtaining all of their customers flooring business, not Just in a one shot deal involving a few thousand feet of conductive tile. Therefore, DO ask flooring manufacturers for names of local, approved and experienced installers. If they cant confidently recommend one, find a different manufacturer. dont Just settle for mart with; demand GENIUS over 4,000,000 sq. ft. installed and certified, huge worldwide client base such as; Jabil Circuit, Sanmina SC, Nokia and more, specially trained ESD certified engineers, certified flooring installation experts, industry trained and experienced sales staff. ESD Flooring from Concept-to-completion GROUND ZERO ELECTROSTATICS 1 . 877. 463. 9376 1 . 800. 460. 7828 2007 AnnuAl guide Conformity 179 Mistake #4: Failing to Carefully Evaluate Suppliers and Their Warranties Warranties are only as good as the financial backbone of the warrantor (and sometimes their supplier as well). A lifetime warranty will be useless if the supplier is out of business a few years after the floor is installed. What happens if, at that point, the floor begins delaminating or losing conductivity? Although asking for references seems like a good idea, references are only as good as the objectivity and experience level of the company or individual providing the reference. As with evaluating a Job applicant, due diligence could save a lot of money downstream. When evaluating a suppliers integrity, look for the following: Ask if the flooring manufacturer is a GSA contract holder: The GSA requires significant product testing and supplier evaluation before approving a manufacturer. Any reputable flooring manufacturer will list at east some of their products with the 6SA. Ask how many years the supplier has been in business: A supplier with many successful years of service may be more stable than a new business, indicating that their warranty might have some value. Conduct a credit check: A credit check of a prospective supplier through Dun Bradstreet or other credit evaluation source will reveal a suppliers financial status and their years of service. A company with less than a million dollars in sales may have the best price but they may also be a poor choice for the purchase of a product hat could cost two to three times their annual sales, particularly if an operational facility must be shut down if the Job encounters problems. Find out if the supplier can be bonded: Insurance companies will only provide bonds to contractors with solid financial and performance history. The contractors bond rate compared with other contractors will usually reveal hidden information that will not be revealed from a simple reference check. The best insurance against future problems is not a longterm warranty but a detailed evaluation of both the product and the contractor nder consideration. In the case of static control flooring, always request that the electrical testing be done after accelerated life testing from chair caster rolling. Recent research has shown that some ESD flooring products fail electrical testing reference, look for old installations. Most customers are happy when their floor is new it is important to measure satisfaction levels two to three years later. DO thoroughly evaluate your supplier and ask for and get objective test reports from reliable sources such as independent labs and unbiased third party sources. Mistake 5: Failing to Investigate Sub-floor Conditions Often, ESD flooring failures are the direct result of problematic yet correctable site conditions, such as contaminated concrete and moisture vapor drive. In fact, moisture is the single biggest threat to any ESD flooring installation. Concrete and moisture problems are detected easily by pulling core samples and performing ASTM moisture tests. These tests can be arranged by the flooring manufacturer and should be performed in conjunction with a local certified contractor. Often, contaminated slabs can be rectified by double shot-blasting. Moisture problems can be alleviated by installing moisture barriers or by installing an inexpensive moisture-resistant portable sub-floor such as SmartDeck. Before getting a firm price from any flooring contractor the following questions should be answered: What is the condition of the subfloor? Will the floor need to be leveled or patched? Will cracks need to be filled? Is the concrete ready to be used? New (green) concrete takes 90 days to cure. Because of its high water content, adhesives will not adhere to green, hydrated concrete without installing the proper ype of curing compound or base coat. Will the floor need a moisture barrier or a special moisturemitigating curing compound? Both can be expensive. Is there a vapor barrier? According to the Rubber Institute, moisture levels should be no higher than 3 lb per 1000 sq ft per 24 hours. Calcium chloride (CaCl) testing, the standard test used to measure moisture, can give an incomplete picture because moisture varies according to fluctuating environmental conditions and variations in subterranean activities related to water table, drainage, and aquifer. Costs of vapor barriers must be taken into account. Most floors perform poorly or even fail when laid over a subfloor with vapor problems. Perform ASTM-F-1869 Standard Test Method for Measuring Moisture Vapor Rate of Concrete Subfloor Using Anhydrous Calcium Chloride: The maximum allowed transmission rate is 3 pounds per 1000 square feet per 1,000 square feet. Ђ Perform ASTM F-2170 Standard Test Method for Determining Relative Humidity in concrete Floor Slabs Using In Sutu Probes: This will show the relative humidity of the concrete slab over time. The maximum relative humidity should be below 80%. Perform ASTM-D4263 Plastic Sheet Test: This is a isual test that may provide an indication of the presence of mois ture. Regardless of previous experience, DO test and evaluate every sub-floor properly before flooring is installed, and never ignore defects or marginal moisture vapor readings. 80 Conformity 2007 AnnuAl guide Mistake #6: Not Understanding Total Cost of Ownership The initial material and installation costs are only part of the total cost of owning an ESD floor. When evaluating an ESD floor, designers often forget to consider the cost to repair and maintain the floor under consideration. Every floor, whether standard or ESD, nd repair costs can significantly raise the cost of the floor. Vinyl floors are the costliest and most difficult to maintain. Beware of any claims that describe vinyl floors with special factory glazes that never need to be waxed. If there was really such a thing as a no wax, low-maintenance vinyl floor, grocery stores and shopping malls would be buying them. Never needs wax usually means always needs buffing. Regular buffing is Just as costly as waxing. Carpet requires periodic vacuuming and yearly wet or dry extraction. Broadloom carpet is much more difficult to repair and eplace than carpet tile. All carpet is vulnerable to chemical spills and solder spills. Epoxy floors need regular washing and gouges are very difficult to repair and match to existing areas. It is usually difficult to repair epoxy floors in occupied spaces due to the three day process of installation and drying. Epoxies are usually sensitive to ultraviolet exposure. The color will soften and fade in well lit areas. Rubber is not porous so it will not capture dirt, but it still needs occasional scrubbing with a single disc machine or it will become dull. Ђ Certain conductive adhesives dry right away, while others take 24 to 72 hours to fully cure; curing times can impact repairs considerably. It is imperative to know and understand exactly what maintenance people will encounter before purchasing an ESD floor. The way the floor is maintained will directly impact its ability to eliminate static electricity. A good starting point for evaluating the true cost of ownership of any conductive epoxy or ESD tile is ATTs landmark study of 18 different ESD floors (available online at www. staticsmart. com). This exhaustive in-factory evaluation was conducted over a eriod two years by ATT engineers. DO consider the long-term costs of repairing and maintaining your ESD floor. Mistake #7: Specifying the Wrong Product for the Application Every static control flooring application presents some unique challenge. For example, 9-1-1 call centers and FAA flight towers rely heavily on the use of sensitive electronic equipment that is extremely vulnerable to static electricity. A static event could cripple their mission-critical operation, Jeopardizing public safety and security. Designers of these 2417 mission-critical spaces do not hesitate in pecifying some form of static control flooring. Unfortunately, it is easy to select the wrong floor for these applications, particularly in cases where the supplier is unclear about the capabilities and deficiencies of a particular ESD floor. In fact, many static control flooring materials (conductive vinyl, HPL, LAN carpet and computer-grade carpet, for example) are often incorrectly specified for these applications because real world testing has revealed that these materials do not and cannot possibly eliminate static in these types of spaces. Research has demonstrated that certain ypes of rubber and conductive carpet are the best ESD flooring solutions for mission critical spaces, since both rubber and conductive carpet inhibit static generation on moving personnel regardless of footwear. Conclusion Mission-critical applications require flooring that is capable of both grounding static and preventing the accumulation of static in the first place. Because static is an invisible phenomenon, it is impossible to know, until a computer crashes or some other event occurs, that the floor is not working properly to eliminate static. To preemptively solve static problems n a mission-critical environment, the conductive floor must be groundable, antistatic and must also provide some ESD mitigation with or without the use of conductive testing involving both controlled and uncontrolled footwear using ESD STM 97. methodology. DO remember that applications differ in their static-protective requirements. Be sure that the floor you select is the right floor for your application. If youre not sure, ask a static control expert for help. Idiosyncratic and constantly changing requirements of technology businesses challenge the expertise of even the ost capable building professionals. Te chnical ESD specialists should be enlisted to help decipher and explain ESD terminology and Jargon.

Native Essay

Native Essay Native Essay Savages and the Virgin Forest Belief Beliefs play a detrimental role in the history of colonizing the Americas. Historical evidence suggests that around two thousand Native American cultures and languages were practiced in the America’s. The explorers did not take that into consideration because they could not understand the early inhabitant’s foreign language, influencing the belief that these inhabitants were savage like or heathens. The lack of misunderstanding can be blamed for the barbaric image that explorers used to explain Native Americans in their journals. Unfavorable and favorable images encouraged biased beliefs of the explorers. Whether the forest was un touched or filled with vegetation, whether the Native American’s were intellectual humans or shameless barbarians, the explorers had one mission in mind. Christopher Columbus believed that the land they set out for was the holy lands. Invading foreign lands over and over again justified all in the name of Christ. These beliefs caused u pheaval and wars for several hundred years. When explorers destroyed these humans, they had to look good in doing so. In order to justify these actions. It was essential that explorers convince their own people that there were no philosophers or intellectuals in this newly â€Å"discovered† holy Land. How they conquered the America’s is essential when understanding the mass genocide committed by early explorers. How to conquer the land is answered by the crusader, the answer was warfare. It is assumed that the conquistadors spilled more blood than any group of individuals ever spilled up to that time and would be quite a contest if you know the history before that time.1 History suggests that the conquistadors felt they had to dehumanize their victims of the conquest. The first inhabitants of America were not humans in the eyes of many explorers, they were savages. Modern scholars identify the conquest as the birth of racism2. It was the first time that arguments were put forth in the courts portraying Native Americans commonly as heathen like savages, that were biologically inferior to man. In the eyes of explorers, these people were more beasts of burden3. The beliefs of the explorers can be held accountable for the mass genocide that Native Americans endured. This interpretation of Native peoples granted them a western identity that would shape the way generations of explorers would respond to this culture of Native people in the Americas. Since the original inhabitants of the Western Hemisphere neither called themselves by a single term nor understood themselves as a nation, the idea and image of the Indian was created for the white man4. It is easier to group an estimated of 2000 different languages and culture into one entity in order to educate a Holy nation of people who do not question authority for fear of being killed. It was easy to brain wash Europeans that in the past has perpetrated mass killings in the name of their biased bel iefs. Columbus gave Europeans the first negative conception of the Native peoples. The bad image he portrayed of the Indian suggests a hellish creature, who eat human flesh. The ambiguity of the word â€Å"Indian† associated all of the first inhabitants of the new world as savages, depraved ones at that. This image suggested that all â€Å"Indians† were cannibalistic monsters which was rather unfair. The people of the Americas were tribal and all very different from one another. Amerigo Vespucci provided Europeans with vivid details about Native Americans. In his descriptions of Native American men and women European biased are very clear. Amerigo Vespucci is dismayed by the lustful women, the facial piercings, and most of all the cruel killings and â€Å"wars without art or order. † This description was the first of many descriptions that would damage the reputations and identity of the Native peoples. The new printing press in Europe encouraged the unfavorable image of the Indian. The image developed in

Payment systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Payment systems - Essay Example An important factor that influences the choice of payment system lies in the value of the transaction. The most efficient and fair payment system in terms of the risk tradeoff for transactions of $100 may not be the same as it is for transactions of $1,000,000. So alternative payment systems often distinguishes between a large-value transfer system (LVTS) and a small-value transfer system (SVTS).2 The following stages are involved in Payment System development: Transitional economies started their payment system development from stage 2, a cash circuit for consumers and a paper-based noncash circuit for enterprises in which all transactions were gross but with long lags between payment instruction and receipt of payment. The prototype DNS system of stage 3 was a simple clearinghouse in London where banks exchanged cheques at the end of each business day. In this system, there were no credit limits between banks, in part because banks did not provide unconditional funds against deposited cheques. Such deposits became unconditional only after clearing and the confirmation that sufficient funds were available in the payer's account. In the case of credit transfers, however, the credit risk is more likely to fall on the receiving bank. With a credit transfer, customers and their receiving banks know that the payer had sufficient funds when making the transfer. So the receiving bank makes funds available to its clients and bears the risk that the payer's bank may fail in the interval between sending the credit transfer information and settling that payment in the end-of-day netting. Stage 4: Most industrial countries had reached stage 4, predominantly with DNS systems, by the 1970s or 1980s. In such unprotected DNS systems, commercial banks provided free, unlimited, uncollateralised intraday credit. 3 As risks in both net and gross systems were recognized, central banks required collateral or charged for intraday credit. With limited intraday liquidity, both DNS and RTGS systems have adopted prioritization arrangements, while some DNS systems have increased the frequency of batch settlements during the day. Stage 5: Automation increased speed and reduced costs, both followed by the dramatic increases in transaction values in both domestic and international financial liberalization that took place during these two decades. The traditional DNS systems of stages 3 and 4 involved unlimited implicit credit granted to the paying bank by the receiving bank from the time a payment instruction was received until the time of final settlement after clearing. Risks In Payment Systems Legal risks are one aspect of the need for certainty about how the system operates. Participants need to know what happens in different circumstances. If a participant defaults, for example, what will be the impact on other participants Operational risk is