Reasons of Accidents and the Ways of Reducing Accidents

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 1. comment of Total feel Management (TQM) in that respect be numerous, widespread, diverse and often fashionable initiatives that potenti exclusivelyy cooperate manufacturing organisations in implementing various best practices in actions instruction. Examples of these initiatives include replete(p) intersection pointive maintenance (TPM), total fibre management (TQM), Kanban, 5S, six sigma, Kaizen and vocation process re-engineering (BPR) (Ashutosh Tiwari, 2007).These criteria is a success stories to implement in this initiatives and crap everything is going well. Critical factor in the success of operations management projects is a fast only when comprehensive analysis of the up-to-date practices or structure in the company (Ashutosh Tiwari, 2007). Table 2 exposition of lacquerese Terms. Initiative Core Ideas 5S Organisation and housekeeping (Hirano, 1996) TPM Continuous improvement of equipment and processes (Campbell, 1995) TQM Right first period (Oakland, 2003) Six sigma Systematic and continuous improvement (Pande, 2001) JIT (Kanban) Remove inventory buffers that prevent learning (Ono, 1988) Kaizen Cost step-down through the elimination of waste (Imai, 1986) BPR Reduction of complexity of workflow (Hammer, 2001) Total Quality Management (TQM) has been accepted as a disciplined management process in industry in order to fight with the changes in marketplace and to focalise on tone in both their products as well as their services (Venkatraman, 2007). While applying TQM philosophy to their organisations, some managers think that quality is driven by internal productivity programs or participative management programs which may deviate from their core business and customer armorial bearing resulting in court overruns. But this is wrong perception by managers because with TQM all the process and product quality increasing and fulfill zero defect purpose.However, quality gitnot be inspected into an individual unit of the product later on it has been made. The practice of inspecting products after they are made has, therefore, been replaced rapidly by the broader view that quality must be built into a product, from the design stage through all subsequent stages of manufacture and assembly. Because products are made by victimization several manufacturing processes, to each one of which can have significant variations in its performance even indoors a short period of time, the control of processes is a critical factor in product quality. Thus the nonsubjective should be to control processes not products. Quality has various meanings attached and the focus varies from one upbringingal place setting to another.Among the various elements of TQM, customer focus, process orientation and continuous improvements are the most common philosophies that have repoint implications for teaching and learning in higher education (Venkatraman, 2007). The general definition of total quality management (TQM) as a philosophy that would enable an organisation consistently to meet the needs of customers is accepted intercontinental by manufacturing executives as a strategic pattern for organisational survival. However, reaching the TQM destination is a continuing altercate for manufacturing executives (Nwabueze, An Industry Betrayed the graphic symbol of total quality management in manufacturing, 2011).Deming notes that everyone in the organisation from top to bottom, from blank space to technical services, from headquarters to local sites must be involved. He further suggested that people are the pedigree of ideas and innovation, therefore, their expertise, experience, know leadge and sense of duty have to be harnessed to the benefit of the organisation (Nwabueze, An Industry Betrayed the case of total quality management in manufacturing, 2011). Total quality management (TQM) principles and techniques are now a well accepted part of almost every managers tool kit (Do w, 1999). Quality is to satisfy customers requirements unendingly total quality is to achieve quality at low cost and TQM is to obtain total quality by involving everyones daily commitment (W. H. Ip, 1999).Henderson gives a definition on TQM to include (Henderson, 1992) a) Total elbow room everyone in every function within the company accepts responsibility for the quality of his own siding b) Quality means conformance to agreed customer requirements and c) Management means for any major business strategy, it is management led but with a strong involvement of employees. TQM has been described as a new model of view in business management, a comprehensive appearance to improve organizational performance and quality an utility(a) to the management by control and more recently, as a change of paradigm (Fco. Javier Llore? ns Montes, 2003).TQM is one of the numerous forms of management models or plans that emerged and took form during the 1980s and 1990s, maybe even the most commo nly used concept during this period. Management concept is not only the toolkit for trouble shooting and improving organisation efficiency, but can also be seen as a symbol giving the organisations higher credibility. (Harnesk, 2007) Examination of the applicability of TQM concepts to product and service organisations suggests that there is evidence of greater ease of adoption, and more apparent success, within product found companies than with service establish organisations, though there is no reason in principle why this should be so. A service organisation is as much dependant on satisfying its customers as a product company, if not more so.A service organisation such as an airline will be vulnerable to immediate customer dissatisfaction with such inadequacies of performance as lateness of arrival, off-handedness of staff and the disappearance of luggage. (Reavill, 1999) This sortie into the range of marketing mature products brings us back to the points flagged at the beginni ng of this paper, the small/ medium sized enterprises (SMEs), and the impertinently industrialised countries (NICs). With a mature product, a marketing strategy would be to increase the share of the current market, and to find new markets. (Reavill, New applications for TQM, 1999) There is also other development connected to TQM. TQM is a concept that has traditionally been connected to business life, commercial and industrial organizations for manufacturing and production.However, the domain of TQM is changing, and TQM has been applied also to public issues. research has been conducted in the area of managing the third sector, such as non-profit organizations (Hudson, 1995 Lyons, 2001 Nutt and Backoff, 1992 Mertens, 1999). Reavill (1999) discusses the current status and possible future of TQM as a major management concept. Consequently, the different views of the evolution of TQM and the different views of the definitions of TQM generate problems both for those practitioners who are applying TQM, and for those theorists who are studying TQM. There are consequences when discussing the effectiveness, use and utility of TQM.The development of TQM implies new definitions, or modifications of existing definitions, for instance, the version of the word customer. (Bjarne Bergquist, 2005) One of the main goals of a business is to stay in business and to be gainful to its owners. Other goals may be that the work environment should be proficient, that customers are satisfied, that the company has a good reputation and provides jobs. If the business is a loss, the other goals are of little value, as the business will go bankrupt. The big question for companies about to implement new strategies or working methods is thus often lead it pay? This is a difficult question to answer, but some have tried. Bjarne Bergquist, TQM and results as profit in commercial organizations, 2005) When studying the criticism against the use of TQM in the education sector, it seems tha t it can be divided into at least two different forms and that the criticism emanates from different perspectives. One of these forms is the criticism of the transfer of concepts from one background to another. One example is the introduction of methods and adaptation to ways of thinking and values that were developed in goods producing companies. other form of criticism is also connected to the transfer of TQM to a new area, but also based upon an ideological view. In this paper the use of TQM in educational organizations is seen as a part of an economization within the education area. Bjarne Bergquist, TQM in the educational sector, 2005) Increased customer sophistication and the globalization of business activities are forcing business organizations to re-engineer their cultures, operations and systems to support customer-focused and quality-driven competitive business strategies. Manufacturing organizations have successfully deployed total quality management (TQM) practices in support of strategic choices (Spitzer, 1993 Flynn et al. , 1995 Au and Choi, 1999 Tata and Prasad, 1998 Prajogo and Sohal, 2001 Powell, 1995). In this context, however, service organizations are still lagging behind their manufacturing counterparts in terms of their strategic commitment to TQM (Au and Choi, 1999 Dotzour and Lengnick-Hall, 1996 Sohal, 1994 Shortell et al. , 1995).The apparent reluctance of service organizations to utilize TQM based-strategies is alarming, especially in cleared of the increased significance of the service sector to national and global economies. (Mahmoud M. Yasin, 2004) pic work 1 A conceptual framework for TQM implementation and benefit in a service operational setting (Mahmoud M. Yasin, 2004) What is quality? There are various well-known definitions of quality. (Crosby, 1979) fasten quality as conformance to requirement while (Juran, 1980) define quality as fitness for use. Quality as a predictable degree of uniformness and dependability at low cost and suited to the market is more towards quality in operation (Deming, 1986).Many organisations found that the old definition of quality, the degree of conformance to a standard, was too narrow and whence have started to use a new definition of quality in terms of customer focus. It is reported that many companies had initially concentrated all their efforts on improving internal processes with little or no regard for the relationships between those processes and the organizations ultimate customers. This failure to include the customer focus had resulted in companies struggling hard to survive and resorting to fire-fighting situations. (Fincher, 1994) describe how quality perspectives have evolved in higher education over the years by going through a shift from experience to technique to style and finally to process.Quality as overall is to achieve customer needs and demand where must start in the beginning process of manufacturing to meet the requirement and fit with the mac hine capability to get the quality output and of course should meet the standard of conformance. Quality has a variety of meanings and it range of meanings that will confusing each individuals perception of quality but the important things is to achieve customer needs and satisfaction. Quality also as a key attribute that customers use to evaluate products and services which has emerged as a vital point of management focus in many parts of the earth. The emergence of quality as a top priority in many corporate entities is primarily due to the globalisation of world trade and the competitive pressure brought about by the escalating demands of consumers, who want better products and services (Zairi, 2001).Quality is the increased cognizance of senior executives, who have begun recognising that quality is a key strategic issue and an important focus for all levels of the organisation (Crosby P. , 2001). The implication of Dr Wellers action suggest that the chief executives attitude t o TQM must be hands on (Nwabueze, 2001). Because our attitudes greatly influence people around us, managements attitude tells employees what is expected of them and what they can get away with. On the basis of my analysis, a new model of leadership requirements for TQM in healthcare is proposed, can see Figure 1. 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